

ALLYLGUAIACOL; 1-ALLYL-4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYBENZENE; CARYOPHYLLIC ACID; EUGENIC ACID; 2-HYDROXY-5-ALLYLANISOLE; 1-HYDROXY-2-METHOXY-4-ALLYLBENZENE; 2-METHOXY-4- (2-PROPENYL) PHENOL; PHENOL, 2-METHOXY-4- (2-PROPENYL) -; 2-METHOXY-4- (2-PROPENYL) - PHENOL; PHENOL, 2METHOXY4 (2PROPENYL) ; 1,3,4-EUGENOL


Given the incomplete information made available by companies and the government, EWG provides additional information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature. The chart below indicates that research studies have found that exposure to this ingredient -- not the products containing it -- caused the indicated health effect(s) in the studies reviewed by Skin Deep researchers. Actual health risks, if any, will vary based on the level of exposure to the ingredient and individual susceptibility -- information not available in Skin Deep.
| This ingredient: | |
![]() | Cancer |
![]() | Developmental/reproductive toxicity |
![]() | Violations, restrictions & warnings |
![]() | Allergies/immunotoxicity |
![]() | Contamination concerns |
![]() | Other moderate concerns for this ingredient: Neurotoxicity, Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs) |
![]() | Lesser or emerging concerns for this ingredient: Endocrine disruption, Data gaps |
|
See products containing EUGENOL | |
About EUGENOL: Eugenol is the substituted phenol.
EUGENOL has reported used in the following product types: fragrance for women (147); hair color and bleaching (105); moisturizer (81); fragrance for men (56); body spray (41); facial moisturizer/treatment (40); lip gloss (36); styling gel/lotion (23); body wash/cleanser (23); anti-aging (19)
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Known human immune system toxicant | EU Banned and Restricted Fragrances | |
| Known human immune system toxicant | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Recommended restricted in cosmetics - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Fragrance subject to restrictions: safe only within recommended use or concentration limitsn) | International Fragrance Association Codes & Standards |
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| One or more animal studies show brain and nervous system effects at low doses | RTECS®- Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie 1966 | |
| show more | ||
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| One or more animal studies show respiratory effects at very low doses | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1986 |
| Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| show more | ||
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Shigaku 1987 | |
| show more | ||
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| One or more animal studies show endocrine system disruption at high doses | RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1965 | |
| show more | ||
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at very low doses | RTECS®- Cosmetics and Toiletries 1979 | |
| show more | ||
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Not assessed for safety in cosmetics by industry panel | ||
| 1,209 studies on toxicity in PubMed see search results -> | PubMed |
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food | FDA Food Additive Status | |
| Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food | FDA Everything Added to Food |
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| FDA Food Additive Status | EUGENOL | • Food additive: synthetic flavor • GRAS (generally recognized as safe) - use in food presumed safe based either on a history of use before 1958 or on published scientific evidence; need not be approved by the FDA prior to use in food; most have not limit for use but must conform to good manufacturing practices; some GRAS substances have quantitative limit for use in foods; by definition under Sec 201(s) of FD&C Act, not food additives - CFR184.1257 |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | EUGENOL | • o |
| FDA Everything Added to Food | EUGENOL | • Fully up-to-date toxicology information has been sought. |
| Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | PHENOL, 2-METHOXY-4-(2-PROPENYL)- | •This chemical was deemed a moderate human health priority and was flagged by CEPA for further attention. |
| EU Banned and Restricted Fragrances | EUGENOL | Fragrance chemical, which, according to existing knowledge, is frequently reported as a well-recognised consumer allergen |
| IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List | EUGENOL | •The chemical has been reported as used in fragrance compounds by IFRA affiliated member companies in 2008. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | EUGENOL | •Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin or lungs: Yes; |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | EUGENOL | •IARC Group 3 (no cancer link) |
| International Fragrance Association Codes & Standards | EUGENOL | •Fragrance subject to restrictions: safe only within recommended use or concentration limits |
| International Fragrance Association Codes & Standards | EUGENOL | •Fragrance subject to restrictions: safe only within recommended use or concentration limits |
| International Fragrance Association Codes & Standards | EUGENOL | •Fragrance subject to restrictions: safe only within recommended use or concentration limits |
| International Fragrance Association Codes & Standards | #29 EUGENOL | •Fragrance subject to restrictions: safe only within recommended use or concentration limits |
| RTECS®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva, galogen I kislorod sodergashie organicheskie soedinenia" 1994 | EUGENOL | • brain and nervous system - Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) (rat LD50) • kidney or renal system - Hematuria (rat LD50) |
| RTECS®- Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie 1966 | EUGENOL | • brain and nervous system - Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold (mouse LD50) • respiratory - Dyspnea (mouse LD50) • respiratory - Respiratory stimulation (mouse LD50) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1986 | EUGENOL | • respiratory - Acute pulmonary edema (rat LD50) • respiratory - Chronic pulmonary edema (rat LD50) • respiratory - Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi (rat LD50) |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1981 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1981 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances, Academie des Sciences 1960 | EUGENOL | • broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (mouse LD50) |
| RTECS®- Cosmetics and Toiletries 1979 | EUGENOL | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Cosmetics and Toiletries 1979 | EUGENOL | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1984 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster fbr) |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1984 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster fbr) |
| RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1975 | EUGENOL | • skin - Primary skin irritant ( human ) |
| RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1964 | EUGENOL | • brain and nervous system - Somnolence (general depressed activity) (guinea pig LD50) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1995 | EUGENOL | • cardiovascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section (rat TDLo) • cardiovascular - Change in rate (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Oral Pathology 1986 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ipr) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Oral Pathology 1986 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ipr) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Toxicological Sciences 2001 | EUGENOL | • metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (mouse TDLo) • brain and nervous system - Food intake (animal) (mouse TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1989 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1996 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat lvr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human lym) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2005 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: (Drosophila melanogaster orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2008 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human oth) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1989 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1996 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat lvr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human lym) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2005 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: (Drosophila melanogaster orl) |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 6402 | EUGENOL | • cancer - liver neoplasms (mouse TDLo) • cancer - liver tumors (mouse TDLo) |
| RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 1983 | EUGENOL | • endocrine system - Death in the "U" data type field (rat TDLo) • cancer - liver tumor formations - equivocal (mouse TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1950 | EUGENOL | • brain and nervous system - Altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) (rat LD50) • brain and nervous system - Coma (rat LD50) • respiratory - Dyspnea (rat LD50) |
| RTECS®- Revue Medicale de la Suisse Romande 1896 | EUGENOL | • brain and nervous system - Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold (rat LDLo) • brain and nervous system - Muscle weakness (rat LDLo) • kidney or renal system - Other changes (rat LDLo) |
| RTECS®- Science 1987 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (mouse lym) |
| RTECS®- Science 1987 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (mouse lym) |
| RTECS®- Shigaku 1987 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- Shigaku 1987 | EUGENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1964 | EUGENOL | • metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (rat TDLo) • liver - Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1965 | EUGENOL | • endocrine system - Death in the "U" data type field (rat TDLo) • liver - Other changes (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology of Herbal Products Melanie Johns Cupp ed 2000 | EUGENOL | • musculoskeletal - Joints (rat TDLo) • musculoskeletal - Other changes (rat TDLo) |
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| FDA Food Additive Status | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Food Additive Status List. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html, Oct 16, 2006. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| FDA Everything Added to Food | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. |
| Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| EU Banned and Restricted Fragrances | SCCPNFP (Scientific Committee On Cosmetic Products And Non-Food Products). 1999. Opinion Concerning Fragrance Allergy In Consumers. . SCCNFP/0017/98 Final, December 1999; and SCCPNFP (Scientific Committee On Cosmetic Products And Non-Food Products). 2000. An Initial List Of Perfumery Materials Which Must Not Form Part Of Fragrances Compounds Used In Cosmetic Products. SCCNFP/0320/00, final May 2000. |
| IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List | IFRA (International Fragrance Assocication). 2010. IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List based on 2008 Use Survey. Accessed online 01/04/2010: http://www.ifraorg.org/Home/News/Latest-News/page.aspx/66?xf_itemId=43&xf_selectionDatapartId=25 |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| International Fragrance Association Codes & Standards | IFRA (International Fragrance Association). 2006. Codes and Standards. |
| RTECS®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva, galogen I kislorod sodergashie organicheskie soedinenia" 1994 | RTECS®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva, galogen I kislorod sodergashie organicheskie soedinenia". (Hazardous substances. Galogen and oxygen containing substances), Bandman A.L. et al., Chimia, 1994 -,301,1994 |
| RTECS®- Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie 1966 | RTECS®- Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. (Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium) V.4- 1898- 164,30,1966 |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1986 | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 1974- 59,78,1986 |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1981 | RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 14,251,1981 |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1981 | RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975- 14,251,1981 |
| RTECS®- Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances, Academie des Sciences 1960 | RTECS®- Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances, Academie des Sciences. (Paris, France) V.1-261, 1835-1965. For publisher information, see CRASEV. 250,1148,1960 |
| RTECS®- Cosmetics and Toiletries 1979 | RTECS®- Cosmetics and Toiletries. (Allured Pub. Corp., POB 318, Wheaton, IL 60189) V.91- 1976- 94(8),41,1979 |
| RTECS®- Cosmetics and Toiletries 1979 | RTECS®- Cosmetics and Toiletries. (Allured Pub. Corp., POB 318, Wheaton, IL 60189) V.91- 94(8),41,1979 |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- 10(Suppl 10),1,1987 |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 10(Suppl 10),1,1987 |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1984 | RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 22,623,1984 |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1984 | RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982- 22,623,1984 |
| RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1975 | RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. 13,545,1975 |
| RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1964 | RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. 2,327,1964 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1995 | RTECS®- Journal of Ethnopharmacology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1979- 45,183,1995 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Oral Pathology 1986 | RTECS®- Journal of Oral Pathology. (Munksgaard International Pub., POB 2148, DK-1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark) V.1- 1972- 15,450,1986 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Oral Pathology 1986 | RTECS®- Journal of Oral Pathology. (Munksgaard International Pub., POB 2148, DK-1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark) V.1- 15,450,1986 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Toxicological Sciences 2001 | RTECS®- Journal of Toxicological Sciences. (Japanese Soc. of Toxicological Sciences, 4th Floor, Gakkai Center Bldg., 4-16, Yayoi 2-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan) V.1- 1976- 26,129,2001 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1989 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 224,427,1989 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1996 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 368,59,1996 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 537,117,2003 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2005 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 582,87,2005 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2008 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 650,39,2008 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1989 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 224,427,1989 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1996 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 368,59,1996 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 537,117,2003 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2005 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 582,87,2005 |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. AD-A116-715 |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. AD-A116-715 |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 6402 | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. PB84-186402 |
| RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 1983 | RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series. (Research Triangle Park, NC 27709) No.206- NTP-TR-223,1983 |
| RTECS®- Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1950 | RTECS®- Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1903/04- 73,148,1950 |
| RTECS®- Revue Medicale de la Suisse Romande 1896 | RTECS®- Revue Medicale de la Suisse Romande. (Societe Medicale de La Suisse Romande, 2 rue Bellefontaine, 1003 Lausanne, Switzerland) V.1- 1881- 16,449,1896 |
| RTECS®- Science 1987 | RTECS®- Science. (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1895- 236,933,1987 |
| RTECS®- Science 1987 | RTECS®- Science. (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 236,933,1987 |
| RTECS®- Shigaku 1987 | RTECS®- Shigaku. Ondotology. (Nippon Shika Daigaku Shigakkai, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102, Japan) V.38- 74,1365,1987 |
| RTECS®- Shigaku 1987 | RTECS®- Shigaku. Ondotology. (Nippon Shika Daigaku Shigakkai, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102, Japan) V.38- 1949- 74,1365,1987 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1964 | RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- 6,378,1964 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1965 | RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- 7,18,1965 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology of Herbal Products Melanie Johns Cupp ed 2000 | RTECS®- Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology of Herbal Products Melanie Johns Cupp ed., Humana press, 2000 -,126,2000 |
"RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through MDL Information Systems, Inc.
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