P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE
Hair Colorant; HAIR DYEING
Also listed as
p-PHENYLENEDIAMINE, P-AMINOANILINE; 1,4-BENZENEDIAMINE; CI 76060; P-DIAMINOBENZENE; OXIDATION BASE 10; 1,4-PHENYLENEDIAMINE; 1,4BENZENEDIAMINE; 1,4-BENZENEDIAMINE (9CI) ; 1,4-DIAMINOBENZENE; 1,4-PHENYLENEDIAMINE; 4-AMINOANILINE
Given the incomplete information made available by companies and the government, EWG provides additional information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature. The chart below indicates that research studies have found that exposure to this ingredient -- not the products containing it -- caused the indicated health effect(s) in the studies reviewed by Skin Deep researchers. Actual health risks, if any, will vary based on the level of exposure to the ingredient and individual susceptibility -- information not available in Skin Deep.
| This ingredient: | |
 | Cancer |
| Developmental/reproductive toxicity |
 | Restrictions & warnings |
| Allergies/immunotoxicity |
 | Contamination concerns |
| Other strong concerns for this ingredient: Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs), Occupational hazards |
| Other moderate concerns for this ingredient: Neurotoxicity |
 | Lesser or emerging concerns for this ingredient: Endocrine disruption, Ecotoxicology, Data gaps |
|
See products containing P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | |
About P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE: p-Phenylenediamine is the aromatic amine. See "Regulatory and Ingredient Use Information," for Colorants in Volume 1, Introduction, Part A.
P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE has reported used in the following product types: hair color and bleaching (686); shampoo (5); hair growth inhibitor (1); Garnier Hair Color (1); lipstick (1); conditioner (1)
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Known human immune system toxicant | National Library of Medicine HazMap | |
| Human skin toxicant - strong evidence | Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | |
| Human immune system toxicant - strong evidence | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity | products for use on skin | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity | European Economic Community, 1991 | |
| Human immune system toxicant - moderate evidence | National Library of Medicine HazMap | |
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Restrictions & warnings
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Recommended restricted in cosmetics - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Product type restrictions or differences noted in safety assessment by industry panel | Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | |
| Restricted in cosmetics (recommendations or requirements) - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Use is restricted in Canadian cosmetics | Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | |
| Determined safe for use in cosmetics, subject to concentration or use limitations - | CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook |
Neurotoxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | |
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Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | |
| Possible human immune system toxicant | National Library of Medicine HazMap | |
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Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
Occupational hazards
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
Cancer
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Cancer - limited evidence | CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook | |
| show more | ||
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Classified as irritant | European Union - Classification & Labelling | |
| show more | ||
Endocrine disruption
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| One or more animal studies show endocrine system disruption at high doses | RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1983 |
Ecotoxicology
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling | |
| show more | ||
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Not suspected to be persistent | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| show more | ||
Data gaps
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Missing safety data noted by cosmetic industry review | Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | |
| Risk assessment method deficiencies and data gaps - Maximum reported "as used" concentration is basis of safety assessment by industry safety panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) - implicit safe concentration limit in product | Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | |
| Insufficient data to determine safety | Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | |
| 856 studies in PubMed science library may include information on the toxicity of this chemical see search results -> | PubMed |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Toxic •Toxic by inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion •Irritant (eyes, skin, or lungs) •Irritating to eyes •May cause sensitization by skin contact •Dangerous for the environment •Very toxic to aquatic organisms |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Use is restricted in Canadian cosmetics |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Strong evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity, immune system toxicity; Condition: asthma - allergic; Organs/tissues affected: lungs |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Safe as used in cosmetics according to industry panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) •Maximum reported "as used" concentration is basis of safety assessment by industry safety panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) - implicit safe concentration limit in product •Sensitizer - can instigate immune system response that can include itching, burning, scaling, hives, and blistering of skin • • |
| CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Color Additives - Hair (Coal Tar Dye) |
| CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Color Additives - Hair (Coal Tar Dye) |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | P-PHENYLENE DIAMINE | •Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents: Yes; •Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin or lungs: Yes; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •Methemoglobinemia: Methemoglobinemia, Secondary; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 0.1 mg/m3; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 0.1 mg/m3; •IDLH (NIOSH) - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: 25 mg/m3; •MAK - Maximum Allowable Concentration (Federal Republic of Germany): 0.1 mg/m3, inhalable fraction; |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | PARA-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •IARC Group 3 (no cancer link) |
| Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Known to be neurotoxic to humans, suspected developmental neurotoxin |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | 1,4BENZENEDIAMINE | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| European Economic Community, 1996 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected |
| European Economic Community, 1991 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Immunotoxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | 1,4-BENZENEDIAMINE | •This chemical was NOT flagged by CEPA for further attention. |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | COAL TAR | •Insufficient data to support safe use in cosmetics •Industry safety panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) notes missing safety data in its review of this ingredient •Determined safe for use in cosmetics up to a specified concentration limit •Product type restrictions or differences noted in safety assessment by industry panel • • •Sensitizer - can instigate immune system response that can include itching, burning, scaling, hives, and blistering of skin |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- "Short-Term Test Systems for Detecting Carcinogens, Proceedings of the Symposium, 1978," Norpoth, K 1980 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1996 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1996 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 2005 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Fluid intake (mouse TDLo) • brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Food intake (animal) (mouse TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1977 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1958 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Alteration of classical conditioning (rat TDLo) • liver - Fatty liver degeneration (rabbit TCLo) • liver - Liver function tests impaired (rabbit TCLo) • brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Recordings from specific areas of CNS (rat TDLo) • brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Somnolence (general depressed activity) (rabbit TCLo) |
| RTECS®- JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology 1981 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (rat emb) |
| RTECS®- JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology 1981 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (rat emb) |
| RTECS®- Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 1972 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 1972 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1977 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (rat LD50) |
| RTECS®- Kyushu Journal of Medical Science 1958 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • cancer - Tumors at site of application (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Phage Inhibition Capacity (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Drosophila melanogaster orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Phage Inhibition Capacity (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Drosophila melanogaster orl) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1983 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (rat TDLo) • endocrine system - Changes in spleen weight (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 2007 | P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human oth) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007. |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | CHE (The Collaborative on Health and the Environment). 2006. Toxicant and Disease Database. |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). 2006. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. Washington DC. |
| CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook | CTFA (Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association). 2006. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 11th Edition. Color Additive Information. Washington, DC. |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | Grandjean P and PJ Landrigan. 2006. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet. 2006 Dec 16;368(9553):2167-78. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | European Economic Community. Sensitizing Substances in the European Economic Community. Sensitizing Substances in the EEC List of Dangerous Substances. Annex I to Council Directive 67/548/EEC. http://www.kemi.se/default_eng.cfm?page=klass_mark/klasshem_eng.htm List of Dangerous Substances. Annex I to Council Directive 67/548/European Economic Community. Sensitizing Substances in the EEC List of Dangerous Substances. Annex I to Council Directive 67/548/EEC. http://www.kemi.se/default_eng.cfm?page=klass_mark/klasshem_eng.htm. http://www.kemi.se/default_eng.cfm?page=klass_mark/klasshem_eng.htm; US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html; Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996.; LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990.; Timbrell, J.A. Introduction to Toxicology. Taylor and Francis, New York. 1995. (Table 5.1: Types of skin sensitizers). |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | European Economic Community. Sensitizing Substances in the European Economic Community. Sensitizing Substances in the EEC List of Dangerous Substances. Annex I to Council Directive 67/548/EEC. http://www.kemi.se/default_eng.cfm?page=klass_mark/klasshem_eng.htm List of Dangerous Substances. Annex I to Council Directive 67/548/European Economic Community. Sensitizing Substances in the EEC List of Dangerous Substances. Annex I to Council Directive 67/548/EEC. http://www.kemi.se/default_eng.cfm?page=klass_mark/klasshem_eng.htm. http://www.kemi.se/default_eng.cfm?page=klass_mark/klasshem_eng.htm; A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html;Nordic Council of Ministers (Nordic Allergy Project). Kriteriedokumenter fra nordisk allergiprojekt - vurdering af 50 kemiske stoffers evne til at forarsage allergi, en litteraturgennemgang. Nord 1991:51. Copenhagen, 1991.; Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate. Labelling of chemical products, Swedish regulations and general advice with regard to the classification and labelling of chemical products hazardous to health, flammables and explosives. List of Allergenic Substances. National Chemicals Inspectorate, Solna, Sweden. 1987, 1990-1992. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html;A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html; |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| RTECS®- "Short-Term Test Systems for Detecting Carcinogens, Proceedings of the Symposium, 1978," Norpoth, K 1980 | RTECS®- "Short-Term Test Systems for Detecting Carcinogens, Proceedings of the Symposium, 1978," Norpoth, K.H., and R.G. Garner, eds., Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1980 -,170,1980 |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1996 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- 27,67,1996 |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1996 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 27,67,1996 |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 2005 | RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982- 43,133,2005 |
| RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1977 | RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. 15,607,1977 |
| RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1958 | RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- 23(5),14,1958 |
| RTECS®- JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology 1981 | RTECS®- JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, Chichester, W. Sussex PO19 1UD, UK) V.1- 1981- 1,190,1981 |
| RTECS®- JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology 1981 | RTECS®- JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, Chichester, W. Sussex PO19 1UD, UK) V.1- 1,190,1981 |
| RTECS®- Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 1972 | RTECS®- Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. (Soc. of Cosmetic Chemists, 1995 Broadway, Suite 1701, New York, NY 10023) V.1- 1947- 23,371,1972 |
| RTECS®- Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 1972 | RTECS®- Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. (Soc. of Cosmetic Chemists, 1995 Broadway, Suite 1701, New York, NY 10023) V.1- 23,371,1972 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1977 | RTECS®- Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. (Hemisphere Pub., 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1975/76- 2,657,1977 |
| RTECS®- Kyushu Journal of Medical Science 1958 | RTECS®- Kyushu Journal of Medical Science. (Fukuoka, Japan) V.6-15, 1955-64. Discontinued. 9,94,1958 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 188,185,1987 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 260,349,1991 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 46,305,1977 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 48,181,1977 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 188,185,1987 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 260,349,1991 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 46,305,1977 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 48,181,1977 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1983 | RTECS®- Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977- 16,259,1983 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 2007 | RTECS®- Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 170,116,2007 |
"RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through MDL Information Systems, Inc.
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