PHENOL
Antimicrobial Agent; Cosmetic Biocide; Denaturant; Deodorant Agent; Exfoliant; ExternalAnalgesic; Fragrance Ingredient; Oral Health Care Drug; Preservative
Also listed as
PHENOL,; BENZENOL; CARBOLIC ACID; HYDROXYBENZENE; LIQUID PHENOL; OXYBENZENE; PHENYL ALCOHOL; ACIDE CARBOLIQUE (FRENCH) ; BENZENOL; CARBOLIC ACID; CARBOLSAURE (GERMAN)
Given the incomplete information made available by companies and the government, EWG provides additional information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature. The chart below indicates that research studies have found that exposure to this ingredient -- not the products containing it -- caused the indicated health effect(s) in the studies reviewed by Skin Deep researchers. Actual health risks, if any, will vary based on the level of exposure to the ingredient and individual susceptibility -- information not available in Skin Deep.
| This ingredient: | |
 | Cancer |
 | Developmental/reproductive toxicity |
 | Violations, restrictions & warnings |
 | Allergies/immunotoxicity |
| Contamination concerns |
| Other strong concerns for this ingredient: Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Occupational hazards |
| Other moderate concerns for this ingredient: Neurotoxicity, Persistence and bioaccumulation, Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs) |
| Lesser or emerging concerns for this ingredient: Ecotoxicology, Data gaps |
|
See products containing PHENOL | |
About PHENOL: Phenol is the aromatic compound. In the United States, Phenol may be used as an active ingredient in OTC drug products. When used as an active drug ingredient, the established name is Phenol. See "Regulatory and Ingredient Use Information," regarding the labeling names for U.S. OTC Drug Ingredients in Volume 1, Introduction, Part A.
PHENOL has reported used in the following product types: lip balm (30); sunscreen: lip balm (14); oral pain relief (8); anti-itch/rash cream (5); hemorrhoids (4); wound treatment (3); diaper cream (3); after sun product (2); dandruff/scalp treatment (2); pain relief (2)
Violations, restrictions & warnings
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Violation of government restrictions - Banned or found unsafe for use in cosmetics | Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | |
| Restricted in cosmetics (recommendations or requirements) - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Japan - restricted for use in cosmetics (concentration limit) | Japan's Standards for Cosmetics |
Neurotoxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | |
| One or more animal studies show brain and nervous system effects at very low doses | RTECS®- "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W 1969 | |
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Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at very low doses | products for use around the eyes, mouth, or lips | RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet 1966 |
| One or more animal studies show respiratory effects at very low doses | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | RTECS®- "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W 1969 |
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Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | |
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Occupational hazards
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,203,1971 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | |
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Persistence and bioaccumulation
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Emerging PBTs from peer-reviewed literature | |
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Cancer
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Cancer - not classifiable/not likely to be human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | |
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Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at very low doses | RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet 1966 | |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at very low doses | RTECS®- Toxicology and Industrial Health 2001 | |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at very low doses | RTECS®- BIOFAX Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc 1973 | |
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Ecotoxicology
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
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Data gaps
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Not assessed for safety in cosmetics by industry panel | ||
| Insufficient data to determine safety | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | |
| 6,470 studies on toxicity in PubMed see search results -> | PubMed |
Multiple, additive exposure sources
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food | FDA Everything Added to Food |
Miscellaneous
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Occupational hazards related to handling | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | PHENOL | •Possible risk of irreversible effects •Toxic •Toxic by inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion •Harmful •Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed •Corrosive •Causes burns |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | PHENOL | •Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | PHENOL | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| FDA Everything Added to Food | PHENOL | • Fully up-to-date toxicology information has been sought. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | PHENOL | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | PHENOL | •Group D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (EPA classification) |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | PHENOL | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | PHENOL | •Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes; •Dermatotoxin: Skin Burns; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •Methemoglobinemia: Methemoglobinemia, Secondary; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 5 ppm; •RD50 - Concentration producing a 50% decrease in respiratory rate in experimental animals following a 10-minute exposure: 166 ppm; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 5 ppm; •BEI - Biological Exposure Indices (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene, ACGIH): Total phenol in urine = 250 mg/g creatinine; end of shift;; •Flammability (NFPA) - NFPA flammability code: 0 = will not burn; 1 = must be preheated; 2 = high ambient temp required; 3 = may ignite at ambient temp; 4 = burn readily: 2: high ambient temperature required; •IDLH (NIOSH) - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: 250 ppm; •Odor Threshold High - The lowest concentration at which a substance can be detected or recognized using the sense of smell: 1 ppm;OL: 0.0045 pp |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | PHENOL | •IARC Group 3 (no cancer link) |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | PHENOL | •Pesticide inerts of toxicological concern according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) |
| Japan's Standards for Cosmetics | PHENOL | •Japan - restricted for use in cosmetics (concentration limit) |
| Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | PHENOL | •Known to be neurotoxic to humans, suspected developmental neurotoxin |
| Emerging PBTs from peer-reviewed literature | CARBOLIC ACID | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Limited or emerging evidence in open scientific literature |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | CARBOLIC ACID | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2003 | PHENOL | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2000 | PHENOL | •Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2003 | PHENOL | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, 9204 | PHENOL | •Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected |
| California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2003 | PHENOL | •Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | PHENOL | HH-CAT3;WF-CAT3 |
| Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | PHENOL | •This chemical was NOT flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical was flagged for as a low human health priority. |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | CARBOLIC ACID | •Limited evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: acute tubular necrosis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | PHENOL | • o |
| IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List | PHENOL | •The chemical has been reported as used in fragrance compounds by IFRA affiliated member companies in 2008. |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | PHENOL | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | PHENOL | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | PHENOL | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- "Practical Toxicology of Plastics," Lefaux, R 1968 | PHENOL | • brain and nervous system - Hallucinations, distorted perceptions ( human LDLo) • skin - Sweating ( human LDLo) |
| RTECS®- "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W 1969 | PHENOL | • respiratory - Cyanosis (infant LDLo) • brain and nervous system - Muscle weakness (infant LDLo) |
| RTECS®- American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (rabbit bmr) |
| RTECS®- American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (rabbit bmr) |
| RTECS®- Archiv fuer Geschwulstforschung 1981 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Archiv fuer Geschwulstforschung 1981 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- BIOFAX Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc 1973 | PHENOL | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Cancer Research 1959 | PHENOL | • cancer - skin neoplasms (mouse TD) • cancer - skin tumors (mouse TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Cancer Research 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems ( human lym) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange ( human lym) |
| RTECS®- Cancer Research 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems ( human lym) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange ( human lym) |
| RTECS®- Cell Biology and Toxicology 1986 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mouse oth) |
| RTECS®- Cell Biology and Toxicology 1986 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mouse oth) |
| RTECS®- EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives 1989 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives 1989 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1995 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1995 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- JNCI, Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Fish Biology 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (other fish mul) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Fish Biology 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (other fish mul) |
| RTECS®- Kyushu Shika Gakkai Zasshi 1980 | PHENOL | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Kyushu Shika Gakkai Zasshi 1980 | PHENOL | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Molecular Pharmacology 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (mouse lym) |
| RTECS®- Molecular Pharmacology 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (mouse lym) |
| RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,203,1971 | PHENOL | • occupationally related - MSHA STANDARD-air (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Mutagenesis 1987 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination ( Aspergillis nidulans ) |
| RTECS®- Mutagenesis 1988 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (mouse lym) |
| RTECS®- Mutagenesis 1988 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- Mutagenesis 1987 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination ( Aspergillis nidulans ) |
| RTECS®- Mutagenesis 1988 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (mouse lym) |
| RTECS®- Mutagenesis 1988 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mouse lym) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ipr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1997 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2001 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (other micro-organisms ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2004 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2008 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human oth) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mouse lym) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ipr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1997 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2001 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (other micro-organisms ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2004 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 7726 | PHENOL | • reproductive - Fetotoxicity (mouse TDLo) • reproductive - Post-implantation mortality (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 7777 | PHENOL | • reproductive - Other effects (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 3554 | PHENOL | • reproductive - Other effects (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 7726 | PHENOL | • reproductive - Fetotoxicity (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Post-implantation mortality (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 4461 | PHENOL | • reproductive - Fetotoxicity (mouse TDLo) • reproductive - Musculoskeletal system (mouse TDLo) • reproductive - Post-implantation mortality (mouse TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Nature 1946 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Drosophila melanogaster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Nature 1946 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Drosophila melanogaster ovr) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 | PHENOL | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Construc) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | PHENOL | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Fed Cont) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 | PHENOL | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Gen Indu) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 | PHENOL | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Shipyard) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1962 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mammal lym) |
| RTECS®- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1962 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mammal lym) |
| RTECS®- Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1935 | PHENOL | • brain and nervous system - Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold (rat LD50) |
| RTECS®- Sangyo Igaku 1974 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition ( human hla) |
| RTECS®- Sangyo Igaku 1974 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition ( human hla) |
| RTECS®- Science 1987 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (mouse lym) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Science 1987 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (mouse lym) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development 1986 | PHENOL | • reproductive - Fetotoxicity (mouse TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 1999 | PHENOL | • metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (rat TDLo) • brain and nervous system - Fluid intake (rat TDLo) • brain and nervous system - Food intake (animal) (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1971 | PHENOL | • reproductive - Fetotoxicity (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Industrial Health 2001 | PHENOL | • skin - Primary skin irritant (pig ) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 1982 | PHENOL | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 1982 | PHENOL | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet 1966 | PHENOL | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Water Research 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems ( human hla) |
| RTECS®- Water Research 1985 | PHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems ( human hla) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| FDA Everything Added to Food | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients. |
| Japan's Standards for Cosmetics | Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 2006. Standards for Cosmetics. Evaluation and Licensing Division. Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau. |
| Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | Grandjean P and PJ Landrigan. 2006. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet. 2006 Dec 16;368(9553):2167-78. |
| Emerging PBTs from peer-reviewed literature | Emerging PBTs from peer-reviewed literature |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Jankovic, J. A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57: 641-649. 1996. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html. |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | EU (European Union)- Strategy for Endocrine Disrupters 2007. Commision on endocrin disruption requested by the European Parliament in 1998. |
| Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | CHE (The Collaborative on Health and the Environment). 2006. Toxicant and Disease Database. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List | IFRA (International Fragrance Assocication). 2010. IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List based on 2008 Use Survey. Accessed online 01/04/2010: http://www.ifraorg.org/Home/News/Latest-News/page.aspx/66?xf_itemId=43&xf_selectionDatapartId=25 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| RTECS®- "Practical Toxicology of Plastics," Lefaux, R 1968 | RTECS®- "Practical Toxicology of Plastics," Lefaux, R., Cleveland, OH, Chemical Rubber Co., 1968 -,329,1968 |
| RTECS®- "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W 1969 | RTECS®- "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969 -,463,1969 |
| RTECS®- American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1985 | RTECS®- American Journal of Industrial Medicine. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1980- 7,485,1985 |
| RTECS®- American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1985 | RTECS®- American Journal of Industrial Medicine. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 7,485,1985 |
| RTECS®- Archiv fuer Geschwulstforschung 1981 | RTECS®- Archiv fuer Geschwulstforschung. (VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit Neue Gruenstr. 18, Berlin DDR-1020, Ger. Dem. Rep.) V.1- 1949- 51,605,1981 |
| RTECS®- Archiv fuer Geschwulstforschung 1981 | RTECS®- Archiv fuer Geschwulstforschung. (VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit Neue Gruenstr. 18, Berlin DDR-1020, Ger. Dem. Rep.) V.1- 51,605,1981 |
| RTECS®- BIOFAX Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc 1973 | RTECS®- BIOFAX Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., Data Sheets. (1810 Frontage Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062) 27-4/1973 |
| RTECS®- Cancer Research 1959 | RTECS®- Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th & Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- 19,413,1959 |
| RTECS®- Cancer Research 1985 | RTECS®- Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th & Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- 45,2471,1985 |
| RTECS®- Cancer Research 1985 | RTECS®- Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th & Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 45,2471,1985 |
| RTECS®- Cell Biology and Toxicology 1986 | RTECS®- Cell Biology and Toxicology. (Princeton Scientific Pub., Inc., 301 N. Harrison St., CN 5279, Princeton, NJ 08540) V.1- 2,231,1986 |
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| RTECS®- EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives 1989 | RTECS®- EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) No.1- 82,81,1989 |
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| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1995 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- 26,240,1995 |
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| RTECS®- Journal of Fish Biology 1985 | RTECS®- Journal of Fish Biology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- -1969 26,13,1985 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Fish Biology 1985 | RTECS®- Journal of Fish Biology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1969- 26,13,1985 |
| RTECS®- Kyushu Shika Gakkai Zasshi 1980 | RTECS®- Kyushu Shika Gakkai Zasshi. Journal of the Kyushu Dental Society. (c/o Kyushu Shika Daigaku, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan) V.1- 1933- Suspended 1941-50. 33,518,1980 |
| RTECS®- Kyushu Shika Gakkai Zasshi 1980 | RTECS®- Kyushu Shika Gakkai Zasshi. Journal of the Kyushu Dental Society. (c/o Kyushu Shika Daigaku, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan) V.1- 33,518,1980 |
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| RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,203,1971 | RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,203,1971 |
| RTECS®- Mutagenesis 1987 | RTECS®- Mutagenesis. (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1986- 2,235,1987 |
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| RTECS®- Mutagenesis 1988 | RTECS®- Mutagenesis. (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 3,51,1988 |
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| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 208,61,1988 |
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| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2001 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 492,13,2001 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2004 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 561,153,2004 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2008 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 650,39,2008 |
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| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 208,61,1988 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 209,23,1988 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1997 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 373,113,1997 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2001 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 492,13,2001 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2004 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 561,153,2004 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 90,91,1981 |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 7726 | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. #PB83-247726 |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 7777 | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. OTS0537777 |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 3554 | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. OTS0573554 |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 7726 | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. PB83-247726 |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 4461 | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. PB85-104461 |
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| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926.55,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204.50,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910.1000,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915.1000,1993 |
| RTECS®- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1962 | RTECS®- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. (National Academy of Sciences, Printing & Pub. Office, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20418) V.1- 1915- 48,686,1962 |
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| RTECS®- Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1935 | RTECS®- Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1903/04- 32,592,1935 |
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| RTECS®- Science 1987 | RTECS®- Science. (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1895- 236,933,1987 |
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| RTECS®- Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development 1986 | RTECS®- Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- 33,92C,1986 |
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| RTECS®- Toxicology and Industrial Health 2001 | RTECS®- Toxicology and Industrial Health. (Princeton Scientific Pub. Co., POB 2155, Princeton, NJ 08540) V.1- 17,95,2001 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 1982 | RTECS®- Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- 23,281,1982 |
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| RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet 1966 | RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet. (Union Carbide Corp., 39 Old Ridgebury Rd., Danbury, CT 06817) 1/6/1966 |
| RTECS®- Water Research 1985 | RTECS®- Water Research. (Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 0BW, UK) V.1- 1967- 19,677,1985 |
| RTECS®- Water Research 1985 | RTECS®- Water Research. (Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 0BW, UK) V.1- 19,677,1985 |
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