TOLUENE
Antioxidant; Solvent
Also listed as
BENZENE, METHYL-; METHYLBENZENE; TOLUOL; METHYL- BENZENE; BENZENE, METHYL; ANTISAL 1A; BENZENE, METHYL-; CP 25; METHACIDE; METHANE, PHENYL-; METHYLBENZENE
Given the incomplete information made available by companies and the government, EWG provides additional information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature. The chart below indicates that research studies have found that exposure to this ingredient -- not the products containing it -- caused the indicated health effect(s) in the studies reviewed by Skin Deep researchers. Actual health risks, if any, will vary based on the level of exposure to the ingredient and individual susceptibility -- information not available in Skin Deep.
| This ingredient: | |
 | Cancer |
| Developmental/reproductive toxicity |
 | Violations, restrictions & warnings |
| Allergies/immunotoxicity |
 | Contamination concerns - BENZENE |
| Other strong concerns for this ingredient: Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs), Occupational hazards |
| Other moderate concerns for this ingredient: Neurotoxicity, Persistence and bioaccumulation |
 | Lesser or emerging concerns for this ingredient: Ecotoxicology, Data gaps |
|
See products containing TOLUENE | |
About TOLUENE: Toluene is the aromatic compound.
TOLUENE has reported used in the following product types: nail polish (132); nail treatment (24); cuticle treatment (1)
Violations, restrictions & warnings
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Violation of industry recommendations - Unsafe for use in cosmetics | International Fragrance Association Codes & Standards | |
| Determined safe for use in cosmetics, subject to concentration or use limitations - Restrictions on impurities recommended by industry safety panel | Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Human developmental toxicant - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | |
| Human nervous system toxicant - strong evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Possible human developmental toxicant | California EPA Proposition 65 | |
| Human developmental toxicant - strong evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Human developmental toxicant - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Human reproductive toxicant - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap | |
| show more | ||
Neurotoxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | |
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Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | |
| Classified as a high human health priority | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at very low doses | products for use around the eyes, mouth, or lips | RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 |
| Possible human renal toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Possible human cardiovascular toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Possible human sense organ toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Possible human musculoskeletal toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| show more | ||
Cancer
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Possible carcinogen | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| show more | ||
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity | nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180, 1996 | |
| show more | ||
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Persistent or bioaccumulative and moderate to high toxicity concern in humans | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List |
Occupational hazards
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| show more | ||
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Classified as skin irritant | products for use on skin | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Human irritant - strong evidence | products for use around the eyes, on the skin, or may be aerosolized (airborne) | Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments |
| show more | ||
Ecotoxicology
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| show more | ||
Data gaps
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Risk assessment method deficiencies and data gaps - Maximum reported "as used" concentration is basis of safety assessment by industry safety panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) - implicit safe concentration limit in product | Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | |
| Considered safe based on assumption of low absorption | Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | |
| Insufficient data to determine safety | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | |
| 4,310 studies on toxicity in PubMed see search results -> | PubMed |
Miscellaneous
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Occupational hazards related to handling | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | TOLUENE | •Highly flammable •Highly flammable •Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation •Irritating to skin •Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | TOLUENE | • S |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | TOLUENE | • S |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | TOLUENE | • S |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | TOLUENE | • S |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: abnormal sperm (morphology, motility, and sperm count); Organs/tissues affected: testes |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: gastrointestinal system toxicity; Condition: acute hepatocellular injury (hepatitis); Organs/tissues affected: liver |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Moderate evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: acute tubular necrosis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: arrhythmias; Organs/tissues affected: heart |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: asthma - irritant; Organs/tissues affected: lungs |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: brain cancer (adult); Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Moderate evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cognitive impairment (includes impaired learning, impaired memory, and decreased attention span)/mental retardation/developmental delay; Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: gastrointestinal system toxicity; Condition: colo-rectal cancer; Organs/tissues affected: colon |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: sense organ system toxicity; Condition: color vision disturbance; Organs/tissues affected: eyes |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Strong evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cranio- facial malformations; Organs/tissues affected: bone |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: decreased coordination/ dysequilibrium; Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: delayed growth; Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal solvent syndrome; Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: fetotoxicity (miscarriage/spontaneous abortion, stillbirth); Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: renal system toxicity, reproductive system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: genito-urinary malformations (includes male and female); Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Moderate evidence in humans: sense organ system toxicity; Condition: hearing loss; Organs/tissues affected: ears |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | Hormonal changes (levels of circulating sex hormones - FSH/LH, Inhibin, and/or estrogens, progesterones, androgens) - Good |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: immune system toxicity; Condition: immune suppression; Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: low birth weight/small for gestational age/intra-uterine growth retardation; Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: menstrual disorders (abnormal bleeding, short cycles, long cycles, irregular cycles, painful periods); Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: neural tube defects/central nervous system malformations; Organs/tissues affected: neural tube |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: nervous system; Condition: neurosthenia (organic affective syndrome); Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: peripheral neuropathy; Organs/tissues affected: peripheral nervous system |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: reduced fertility - female (infertility and subfertility); Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Moderate evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity, skin toxicity; Condition: scleroderma; Organs/tissues affected: skin, connective tissue |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TOLUENE | •Limited evidence in humans: gastrointestinal system toxicity; Condition: stomach cancer; Organs/tissues affected: stomach |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | TOLUENE | •Safe as used in cosmetics according to industry panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) •Maximum reported "as used" concentration is basis of safety assessment by industry safety panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) - implicit safe concentration limit in product •Restrictions on impurities recommended by industry safety panel •May contain harmful impurities • •Determined safe for use in cosmetics based on assumption of low absorption through skin •Irritation (eyes, skin, or lungs) |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | TOLUENE | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | BENZENE, METHYL- | •This chemical was flagged for further attention by CEPA due to suspected aquatic toxicity and persistence. The chemical was also flagged as a low human health priority. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | TOLUENE | •Group D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (EPA classification) |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | TOLUENE | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | TOLUENE | •Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes; •Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male and female reproductive function: Yes; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •Neurotoxin: CNS Solvent Syndrome; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 200 ppm, Ceiling(OSHA) = 300 ppm(500 ppm for 10-min peak per 8-hr shift); •RD50 - Concentration producing a 50% decrease in respiratory rate in experimental animals following a 10-minute exposure: 5300 ppm; •LC50 - Lethal concentration in 50% of animals tested: 33375 ppm; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 50 ppm; •BEI - Biological Exposure Indices (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene, ACGIH): o-Cresol in urine = 0.5 mg/L; hippuric acid in urine = 1.6 g/g creat |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | TOLUENE | •IARC Group 3 (no cancer link) |
| International Fragrance Association Codes & Standards | TOLUENE | •Fragrance unsafe for use in cosmetics |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | TOLUENE | •Pesticide inerts: potentially toxic, testing priority, according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) |
| Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | TOLUENE | •Known to be neurotoxic to humans, suspected developmental neurotoxin |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | METHYLBENZENE | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | TOLUENE | •Developmental toxin: California Proposition 65 |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1991 | TOLUENE | •Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2000 | TOLUENE | •Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, 9204 | TOLUENE | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180, 1996 | TOLUENE | •Immunotoxicity hazards: suspected |
| Klaassen, C, 1996 | TOLUENE | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Klaassen, C, 1996 | TOLUENE | •Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | TOLUENE | •Developmental toxicity hazards: recognized |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | TOLUENE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | TOLUENE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | TOLUENE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 | TOLUENE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1985 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ipr) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1985 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ipr) |
| RTECS®- Contaminacion Ambiental 1985 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Drosophila melanogaster orl) |
| RTECS®- Contaminacion Ambiental 1985 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Drosophila melanogaster orl) |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1982 | TOLUENE | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1982 | TOLUENE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1982 | TOLUENE | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1982 | TOLUENE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Gekkan Yakuji 1980 | TOLUENE | • broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity ( human LDLo) |
| RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1972 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat scu) |
| RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1972 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat scu) |
| RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1981 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat ihl) |
| RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1981 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat ihl) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Bacteriology 1979 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Bacteriology 1979 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 1943 | TOLUENE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant ( human ) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Virology 1973 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (other micro-organisms ) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Virology 1973 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (other micro-organisms ) |
| RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,29,1973 | TOLUENE | • occupationally related - MSHA STANDARD-air (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (grasshopper ihl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1985 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2002 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange ( human ihl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: (mouse lvr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (grasshopper ihl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1985 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2002 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange ( human ihl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: (mouse lvr) |
| RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 1990 | TOLUENE | • kidney or renal system - Changes in bladder weight (rat TDLo) • brain and nervous system - Changes in brain weight (rat TDLo) • liver - Changes in liver weight (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1989 | TOLUENE | • metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (rat TDLo) • sense organ - Changes in cochlear structure or function (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 | TOLUENE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Construc) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | TOLUENE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Fed Cont) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 | TOLUENE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Gen Indu) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 | TOLUENE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Shipyard) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Pediatric Research 1994 | TOLUENE | • reproductive - Fetotoxicity (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Personal Communication from J 1982 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat lvr) |
| RTECS®- Personal Communication from J 1982 | TOLUENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat lvr) |
| RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 1998 | TOLUENE | • reproductive - Growth statistics (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 1985 | TOLUENE | • kidney or renal system - Other changes in urine composition (rat TDLo) • kidney or renal system - Proteinuria (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 2001 | TOLUENE | • skin - Primary skin irritant (pig ) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 2001 | TOLUENE | • skin - Primary skin irritant (pig ) |
| RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet 1970 | TOLUENE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | CHE (The Collaborative on Health and the Environment). 2006. Toxicant and Disease Database. |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). 2006. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. Washington DC. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| International Fragrance Association Codes & Standards | IFRA (International Fragrance Association). 2006. Codes and Standards. |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients. |
| Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | Grandjean P and PJ Landrigan. 2006. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet. 2006 Dec 16;368(9553):2167-78. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, Lu, F.C. Basic Toxicology. 2nd Edition. 1991., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180. Principles and Methods for Assessing Direct Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals. World Health Organization. Geneva, 1996. (Table 1: Examples of compounds that are immunotoxic for humans or rodents). |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 | RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 -,29,1986 |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1985 | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 1974- 58,106,1985 |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1985 | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 58,106,1985 |
| RTECS®- Contaminacion Ambiental 1985 | RTECS®- Contaminacion Ambiental. (Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico) V.1- 1985- 1,35,1985 |
| RTECS®- Contaminacion Ambiental 1985 | RTECS®- Contaminacion Ambiental. (Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico) V.1- 1,35,1985 |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1982 | RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 20,563,1982 |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1982 | RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 20,573,1982 |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1982 | RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982- 20,563,1982 |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 1982 | RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982- 20,573,1982 |
| RTECS®- Gekkan Yakuji 1980 | RTECS®- Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. (Yakugyo Jihosha, Inaoka Bldg., 2-36 Jinbo-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1959- 22,883,1980 |
| RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1972 | RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- 37(10),36,1972 |
| RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1972 | RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 37(10),36,1972 |
| RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1981 | RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1-36, 1957-1992. For publisher information, see MTPEEI 25(7),33,1981 |
| RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1981 | RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1-36, 1957-1992. For publisher information, see MTPEEI 25(7),33,1981 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Bacteriology 1979 | RTECS®- Journal of Bacteriology. (American Soc. for Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006) V.1- 1916- 137,397,1979 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Bacteriology 1979 | RTECS®- Journal of Bacteriology. (American Soc. for Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006) V.1- 137,397,1979 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 1943 | RTECS®- Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. (Cambridge, MA) V.18-31, 1936-49. For publisher information, see AEHLAU. 25,282,1943 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Virology 1973 | RTECS®- Journal of Virology. (American Soc. for Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006) V.1- 12,1195,1973 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Virology 1973 | RTECS®- Journal of Virology. (American Soc. for Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006) V.1- 1967- 12,1195,1973 |
| RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,29,1973 | RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,29,1973 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 113,467,1983 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1985 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 147,294,1985 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2002 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 519,171,2002 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 608,29,2006 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 113,467,1983 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1985 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 147,294,1985 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2002 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 519,171,2002 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 608,29,2006 |
| RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 1990 | RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series. (Research Triangle Park, NC 27709) No.206- NTP-TR-371,1990 |
| RTECS®- Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1989 | RTECS®- Neurotoxicology and Teratology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.9- 1987- 10,525,1989 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926.55,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204.50,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910.1000,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915.1000,1993 |
| RTECS®- Pediatric Research 1994 | RTECS®- Pediatric Research. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- -1967 36,811,1994 |
| RTECS®- Personal Communication from J 1982 | RTECS®- Personal Communication from J.F. Sina, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, West Point, PA 19486, Oct. 26, 1982 26OCT1982 |
| RTECS®- Personal Communication from J 1982 | RTECS®- Personal Communication from J.F. Sina, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, West Point, PA 19486, Oct. 26, 1982 26OCT1982 |
| RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 1998 | RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987- 12,119,1998 |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 1985 | RTECS®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 5,62,1985 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 2001 | RTECS®- Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- 161,1,2001 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 2001 | RTECS®- Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 161,1,2001 |
| RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet 1970 | RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet. (Union Carbide Corp., 39 Old Ridgebury Rd., Danbury, CT 06817) 7/23/1970 |
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