LEAD
LEAD may be an impurity the following product types:
foundation (152)
facial moisturizer/treatment (131)
moisturizer (126)
lipstick (93)
anti-aging (85)
eye shadow (70)
concealer (64)
sunscreen: SPF 15-30 (63)
sunscreen: makeup (61)
facial powder (57)
lip gloss (56)
blush (53)
eye liner (51)
lip liner (46)
sunscreen: moisturizer (36)
brow liner (29)
bronzer/highlighter (29)
around-eye cream (28)
sunscreen: SPF greater than 30 (26)
body firming lotion (22)
mascara (21)
Also listed as
C.I. 77575; GLOVER; KS-4; LEAD (ACGIH) ; LEAD FLAKE; LEAD INORGANIC; LEAD S2; OLOW (POLISH) ; OMAHA & GRANT
Given the incomplete information made available by companies and the government, EWG provides additional information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature. The chart below indicates that research studies have found that exposure to this ingredient -- not the products containing it -- caused the indicated health effect(s) in the studies reviewed by Skin Deep researchers. Actual health risks, if any, will vary based on the level of exposure to the ingredient and individual susceptibility -- information not available in Skin Deep.
| This ingredient: | |
 | Cancer |
 | Developmental/reproductive toxicity |
| Violations, restrictions & warnings |
| Allergies/immunotoxicity |
 | Contamination concerns |
| Other strong concerns for this ingredient: Persistence and bioaccumulation, Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Enhanced skin absorption, Occupational hazards |
| Other moderate concerns for this ingredient: Neurotoxicity, Endocrine disruption |
 | Lesser or emerging concerns for this ingredient: Ecotoxicology |
|
See ingredients that may have LEAD as an impurity See products that may have LEAD as an impurity | |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Known human reproductive toxicant | European Union - Classification & Labelling | |
| Possible human developmental toxicant | California EPA Proposition 65 | |
| Human reproductive toxicant - strong evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Human nervous system toxicant - strong evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Human reproductive toxicant - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | |
| Human developmental toxicant - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | |
| Limited evidence of developmental toxicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling | |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap | |
| Human developmental toxicant - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Human reproductive toxicant - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | |
| show more | ||
Violations, restrictions & warnings
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Violation of government restrictions - Banned or found unsafe for use in cosmetics | Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | |
| Violation of government restrictions - Banned or found unsafe for use in cosmetics | European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics |
Cancer
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Possible human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | |
| Possible human carcinogen | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | |
| Possible human carcinogen | NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | |
| Possible human carcinogen | California EPA Proposition 65 | |
| Cancer - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | |
| Possible carcinogen | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| show more | ||
Neurotoxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | |
| One or more animal studies show brain and nervous system effects at very low doses | RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1975 | |
| show more | ||
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | |
| Known human renal toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Known human hematologic toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Known human sense organ toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Known human cardiovascular toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Known human musculoskeletal toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Classified as a high human health priority | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| Possible human cardiovascular toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Possible human renal toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| Possible human hematologic toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| One or more animal studies show metabolic effects at very low doses | RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1975 | |
| Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| show more | ||
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | |
| Persistent or bioaccumulative and moderate to high toxicity concern in humans | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) | |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA) |
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity | nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180, 1996 | |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity | CARB, TAC | |
| Human immune toxicant - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Occupational hazards
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling | |
| Strong evidence of occupational hazards | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
Endocrine disruption
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Limited evidence of endocrine disruption | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | |
| show more | ||
Ecotoxicology
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling | |
| show more | ||
Data gaps
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| 54,607 studies on toxicity in PubMed see search results -> | PubMed |
Enhanced skin absorption
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Suspected nano-scale ingredients with potential to absorb into the skin | Nanomaterial Database |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS, INORGANIC | •Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH classification A3) |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | LEAD | •Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | LEAD | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | LEAD | •EPA: probable endocrine disruptor |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | LEAD AND COMPOUNDS (INORGANIC) | •Group B2: Probable human carcinogen - sufficient data in animals (EPA classification) |
| European Union - Water Framework Directive | LEAD AND ITS COMPOUNDS | •Priority substance in EU water policy |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | LEAD | •Anemia: Anemia, Hemolytic; •Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male and female reproductive function: Yes; •Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: Organic lead was added to gasoline in the US until January 1996. Lead allowable in US paint was reduced to 1% in 1971 and to 0.006% in 1977. [ATSDR Case Studies, Lead Toxicity]; •Nephrotoxin: Yes; •Neurotoxin: Motor Neuropathy;PE: 0.05 |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | LEAD | •IARC Group 2B: possible human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens) |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Pesticide inerts of toxicological concern according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) |
| Nanomaterial Database | LEAD | •potential nano-scale ingredient |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | LEAD | • |
| EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA) | LEAD | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, priority chemical for voluntary waste/emission reductions |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | LEAD; ROUGH LEAD BULLION | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - targeted for waste reporting under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| Benowitz, N, 1992 | LEAD | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Brucker-Davis, F, 1998 | LEAD | •Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1996 | LEAD | •Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1995 | LEAD | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180, 1996 | LEAD | •Immunotoxicity hazards: suspected |
| Klaassen, C, 1996 | LEAD | •Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Nemery, B, 1990 | LEAD | •Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: abnormal sperm (morphology, motility, and sperm count); Organs/tissues affected: testes |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: acute tubular necrosis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: ADD/ADHD, hyperactivity; Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) - Limited |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | Altered time to sexual maturation (accelerated or delayed puberty) - Good |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Limited evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: Alzheimer's; Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: anemia (including hemolytic); Organs/tissues affected: blood |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: arrhythmias; Organs/tissues affected: heart |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: behavioral problems; Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Limited evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: bladder cancer; Organs/tissues affected: bladder |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | LEAD | HH-CAT3;WF-CAT3 |
| Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | LEAD | •This chemical was flagged for further attention by CEPA due to suspected aquatic toxicity and persistence. The chemical was also flagged as a low human health priority. |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | LEAD | •Developmental toxin: California Proposition 65 •Reproductive toxin, female: California Proposition 65 •Reproductive toxin, male: California Proposition 65 |
| Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | LEAD | •Known to be neurotoxic to humans, suspected developmental neurotoxin |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Limited evidence in humans: endocrine system toxicity; Condition: carcinoid (cancer); Organs/tissues affected: intestines, pancreas, lungs |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: cardiomyopathy; Organs/tissues affected: heart |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: sense organ system toxicity; Condition: cataracts; Organs/tissues affected: eyes |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: chronic renal disease; Organs/tissues affected: kidney |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cognitive impairment (includes impaired learning, impaired memory, and decreased attention span)/mental retardation/developmental delay; Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis; Organs/tissues affected: heart |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Limited evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cranio- facial malformations; Organs/tissues affected: bone |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: decreased coordination/ dysequilibrium; Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: delayed growth; Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Limited evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: erectile dysfunction; Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: fetotoxicity (miscarriage/spontaneous abortion, stillbirth); Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: glomerulonephritis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity; Condition: gout; Organs/tissues affected: joints |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: sense organ system toxicity; Condition: hearing loss; Organs/tissues affected: ears |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | Hormonal changes (levels of circulating sex hormones - FSH/LH, Inhibin, and/or estrogens, progesterones, androgens) - Good |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: hypertension (high blood pressure); Organs/tissues affected: blood vessels |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: immune system toxicity; Condition: immune suppression; Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: low birth weight/small for gestational age/intra-uterine growth retardation; Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: menstrual disorders (abnormal bleeding, short cycles, long cycles, irregular cycles, painful periods); Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: nephrotic syndrome; Organs/tissues affected: kidney |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Limited evidence in humans: nervous system; Condition: neurosthenia (organic affective syndrome); Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Limited evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity; Condition: osteoporosis; Organs/tissues affected: bone |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: peripheral neuropathy; Organs/tissues affected: peripheral nervous system |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: porphyria (toxic); Organs/tissues affected: multiple organs |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: pre-term delivery; Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: psychiatric disturbances (disorientation, hallucinations, psychosis, delirium, paranoias, anxiety/depression, emotional laibility, mood changes, euphoria).; Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: reduced fertility - female (infertility and subfertility); Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: reduced fertility - male (infertility and subfertility); Organs/tissues affected: |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: seizures; Organs/tissues affected: brain |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Limited evidence in humans: endocrine system toxicity; Condition: thyroid disorders - hypothyroidism; Organs/tissues affected: thyroid gland |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | LEAD | •Limited evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: Wilm's tumor; Organs/tissues affected: kidney |
| European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics | LEAD AND ITS COMPOUNDS | •Prohibited in EU cosmetics: must not form part of the composition of cosmetic products |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (National Toxicology Program classification) |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Carcinogen: California Proposition 65 |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | LEAD CHROMATE OXIDE | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: recognized |
| Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Persistent toxicant under Canada's Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics program - targeted for elimination or reduction |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Great Lakes Binational Strategy, Tier 1 concern (highest), targeted for phase-out |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - targeted for waste reporting under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| CARB, TAC | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Immunotoxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Developmental toxicity hazards: recognized |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Cancer hazards: recognized |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: recognized |
| Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans | LEAD COMPOUNDS | •Known to be neurotoxic to humans, suspected developmental neurotoxin |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | LEAD COMPOUNDS, INORGANIC | •IARC Group 2A: probable human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens) |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | LEAD COMPOUNDS, ORGANIC | •IARC Group 3 (no cancer link) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | LEAD COMPOUNDS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE IN THIS ANNEX | •Known reproductive toxin •May cause harm to the unborn child •Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity •Possible risk of impaired fertility •Harmful •Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed •Danger of cumulative effects •Dangerous for the environment •Very toxic to aquatic organisms |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | LEAD | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | LEAD | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | LEAD | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Environmental Health 1971 | LEAD | • reproductive - Fetotoxicity (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1978 | LEAD | • reproductive - Biochemical and metabolic (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1978 | LEAD | • reproductive - Blood and lymphatic system (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1975 | LEAD | • brain and nervous system - Alteration of classical conditioning (rat TDLo) • brain and nervous system - Other degenerative changes (rat TDLo) • metabolic - Other metals (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1982 | LEAD | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat ihl) |
| RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1982 | LEAD | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat ihl) |
| RTECS®- JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association 1977 | LEAD | • brain and nervous system - Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) (woman TDLo) • brain and nervous system - Hallucinations, distorted perceptions (woman TDLo) • brain and nervous system - Muscle weakness (woman TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1985 | LEAD | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human unr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1985 | LEAD | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human unr) |
| RTECS®- Pharmacologist 1978 | LEAD | • reproductive - Behavioral (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Prace Nauwoke Uniwersytetu Slaskiego Katowicach 1982 | LEAD | • blood - Changes in other cell count (unspecified) (mouse TDLo) • blood - Other changes (mouse TDLo) • blood - Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells (mouse TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1981 | LEAD | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (monkey orl) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1981 | LEAD | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (monkey orl) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 2003 | LEAD | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human ihl) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 2003 | LEAD | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human ihl) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org. |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | Illinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| European Union - Water Framework Directive | EU (European Union). 2000. Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC ) - integrated river basin management for Europe. List of priority substances. |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients. |
| Nanomaterial Database | NanoWerk. 2007. Nanomaterial Database. Available online: http://www.nanowerk.com/phpscripts/n_dbsearch.php |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | Colborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996). |
| EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Resource Conservatin and Recovery Act (RCRA) Waste Minimization Program - priority chemicals for elimination or reduction. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Benowitz, N.L. Cardiotoxicity in the Workplace. Occupational Medicine. 7(3): 465-477. 1992. (Table 1: Chemical Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease)., US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Kristensen, T. S. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Work Environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health. 15:245-264. 1989. (Table 5: Classification of possible risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the work environment)., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Brucker-Davis, F. Effects of Environmental Synthetic Chemicals on Thyroid Function. Thyroid. 8(9): 827-856. 1998., Illinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Landrigan, P.J., Goyer, R.A. Clarkson, T.W., Sandler, D.P., Smith, J.H., Thun, M.J., and R. Wedeen. The Work-Relatedness of Renal Disease. Archives of Environmental Health. 39(3): 225-230. 1984. (Table 2: Estimated Numbers of Workers in the United States with Potential Occupational Exposures to Known or Suspect Nephrotoxins)., Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm, Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180. Principles and Methods for Assessing Direct Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals. World Health Organization. Geneva, 1996. (Table 1: Examples of compounds that are immunotoxic for humans or rodents). |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Nemery, B. Metal Toxicity and the Respiratory Tract. European Respiratory Journal. 3(2): 202-219. 1990.(Table 1: Summary of pulmonary toxicity of metals). |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | CHE (The Collaborative on Health and the Environment). 2006. Toxicant and Disease Database. |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | EU (European Union)- Strategy for Endocrine Disrupters 2007. Commision on endocrin disruption requested by the European Parliament in 1998. |
| Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
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"RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through MDL Information Systems, Inc.
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