HEAVY METALS

 

Given the incomplete information made available by companies and the government, EWG provides additional information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature. The chart below indicates that research studies have found that exposure to this ingredient -- not the products containing it -- caused the indicated health effect(s) in the studies reviewed by Skin Deep researchers. Actual health risks, if any, will vary based on the level of exposure to the ingredient and individual susceptibility -- information not available in Skin Deep.

This ingredient:
yes, strongCancer
yes, moderateDevelopmental/reproductive toxicity
yes, strongViolations, restrictions & warnings
yes, strongAllergies/immunotoxicity
noContamination concerns
noOther strong concerns for this ingredient:
Occupational hazards
noOther moderate concerns for this ingredient:
Neurotoxicity, Endocrine disruption, Persistence and bioaccumulation, Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Biochemical or cellular level changes
noLesser or emerging concerns for this ingredient:
Ecotoxicology
 
See ingredients that may have HEAVY METALS as an impurity

See products that may have HEAVY METALS as an impurity


Allergies/immunotoxicity

type of concern product conditions reference
Known human immune system toxicant    National Library of Medicine HazMap
Human skin toxicant - strong evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human skin and immune toxicant - strong evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Limited evidence of immune system toxicity    nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180, 1996
Limited evidence of immune system toxicity    A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1987
Human skin and immune toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human immune toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
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Cancer

type of concern product conditions reference
Known human carcinogen    Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens
Cancer - strong evidence    Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity    Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens
Cancer - moderate evidence - hematologic    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Cancer - moderate evidence - gastrointestinal    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
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Violations, restrictions & warnings

type of concern product conditions reference
Violation of government restrictions - Banned or found unsafe for use in cosmetics   Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients
Restricted in cosmetics (recommendations or requirements) - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Use is restricted in Canadian cosmetics   Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients

Endocrine disruption

type of concern product conditions reference
Human endocrine disruptor - strong evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
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Neurotoxicity

type of concern product conditions reference
Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity    Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans
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Developmental/reproductive toxicity

type of concern product conditions reference
Possible human developmental toxicant    California EPA Proposition 65
Human reproductive toxicant - strong evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human nervous system toxicant - strong evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human developmental toxicant - strong evidence    Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens
Human reproductive toxicant - strong evidence    Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens
Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity    European Union - Classification & Labelling
Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity    National Library of Medicine HazMap
Human reproductive toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human developmental toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human musculoskeletal toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence    Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans
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Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)

type of concern product conditions reference
Known human renal toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Known human hematologic toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Known human cardiovascular toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Known human respiratory toxicant products that may be aerosolized (airborne)  CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Known human sense organ toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Known human musculoskeletal toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Known human skin toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Possible human hematologic toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Possible human cardiovascular toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Possible human respiratory toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Possible human renal toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Possible human gastrointestinal toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Possible human sense organ toxicant products that may be aerosolized (airborne)  CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
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Occupational hazards

type of concern product conditions reference
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses    European Union - Classification & Labelling

Persistence and bioaccumulation

type of concern product conditions reference
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife    EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA)

Biochemical or cellular level changes

type of concern product conditions reference
Cancer - moderate evidence - immune system    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Ecotoxicology

type of concern product conditions reference
Wildlife and environmental toxicity    European Union - Classification & Labelling
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Data gaps

type of concern product conditions reference
6,234 studies on toxicity in PubMed see search results ->   PubMed

Multiple, additive exposure sources

type of concern product conditions reference
Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food   FDA Food Additive Status



Government, industry, academic studies and classifications

government/industry list/academic study appears on list as classification(s)
European Union - Classification & LabellingARSENIC•Toxic
•Toxic by inhalation and ingestion
•Dangerous for the environment
•Very toxic to aquatic organisms
European Union - Classification & LabellingMERCURY•May be toxic to the reproductive system
•Very toxic to aquatic organisms
FDA Food Additive StatusARSENIC• Used in animal feed
• Food additive: food additive for which a petition has been filed and a regulation issued
• 2 parts per million - As residue in liver and kidney of swine - CFR556.60
• 2 parts per million - As residue in edible bypdts of chickens and turkeys - same Code of Federal Regulations reference as appears earlier in paragraph
• 0.5 parts per million - As residue in muscle meat of chickens and turkeys
• in eggs
• and in muscle meat and by-products (other than kidney and li
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics IngredientsARSENIC•Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics IngredientsLEAD•Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics IngredientsMERCURY•Use is restricted in Canadian cosmetics
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: abnormal sperm (morphology, motility, and sperm count); Organs/tissues affected: testes
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: acute tubular necrosis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: acute tubular necrosis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Limited evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: acute tubular necrosis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: ADD/ADHD, hyperactivity; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: adult-onset leukemias; Organs/tissues affected: blood
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: skin toxicity; Condition: alopecia (hair loss); Organs/tissues affected: skin
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEADALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURYALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: altered sex ratio; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEADAltered time to sexual maturation (accelerated or delayed puberty) - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Limited evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: Alzheimer's; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: anemia (including hemolytic); Organs/tissues affected: blood
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: anemia (including hemolytic); Organs/tissues affected: blood
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: anemia (including hemolytic); Organs/tissues affected: blood
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: aplastic anemia; Organs/tissues affected: bone marrow
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: aplastic anemia; Organs/tissues affected: bone marrow
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Strong evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: arrhythmias; Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: arrhythmias; Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: immune system toxicity; Condition: autoimmune antibodies (positive ANA, anti-DNA, RF, etc.); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: behavioral problems; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: behavioral problems; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Limited evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: bladder cancer; Organs/tissues affected: bladder
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: brain cancer (adult); Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: bronchitis - acute; Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: bronchitis - chronic; Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Limited evidence in humans: endocrine system toxicity; Condition: carcinoid (cancer); Organs/tissues affected: intestines, pancreas, lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: cardiomyopathy; Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: cardiomyopathy; Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: sense organ system toxicity; Condition: cataracts; Organs/tissues affected: eyes
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: cerebral palsy; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: chronic renal disease; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: chronic renal disease; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: gastrointestinal system toxicity; Condition: cirrhosis; Organs/tissues affected: liver
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cognitive impairment (includes impaired learning, impaired memory, and decreased attention span)/mental retardation/developmental delay; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cognitive impairment (includes impaired learning, impaired memory, and decreased attention span)/mental retardation/developmental delay; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Limited evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cognitive impairment (includes impaired learning, impaired memory, and decreased attention span)/mental retardation/developmental delay; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: congenital malformations (birth defects); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: congenital malformations (birth defects); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Strong evidence in humans: skin toxicity; Condition: contact dermatitis - irritant; Organs/tissues affected: skin
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: skin toxicity; Condition: contact dermatitis - irritant; Organs/tissues affected: skin
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Limited evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis; Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis; Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis; Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cranio- facial malformations; Organs/tissues affected: bone
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Limited evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cranio- facial malformations; Organs/tissues affected: bone
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: decreased coordination/ dysequilibrium; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: decreased coordination/ dysequilibrium; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURYDecreased vision (includes blindness, retinopathy, optic neuropathy) - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: delayed growth; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: delayed growth; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Strong evidence in humans: endocrine system toxicity; Condition: diabetes - type II; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Limited evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: erectile dysfunction; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: erectile dysfunction; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: fetotoxicity (miscarriage/spontaneous abortion, stillbirth); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: fetotoxicity (miscarriage/spontaneous abortion, stillbirth); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: fetotoxicity (miscarriage/spontaneous abortion, stillbirth); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Limited evidence in humans: renal system toxicity, reproductive system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: genito-urinary malformations (includes male and female); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: glomerulonephritis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: glomerulonephritis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity; Condition: gout; Organs/tissues affected: joints
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Strong evidence in humans: sense organ system toxicity; Condition: hearing loss; Organs/tissues affected: ears
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: sense organ system toxicity; Condition: hearing loss; Organs/tissues affected: ears
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: sense organ system toxicity; Condition: hearing loss; Organs/tissues affected: ears
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: gastrointestinal system toxicity; Condition: hepatocellular cancer (liver cancer); Organs/tissues affected: liver
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: gastrointestinal system toxicity; Condition: hepatoportal sclerosis; Organs/tissues affected: liver
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEADHormonal changes (levels of circulating sex hormones - FSH/LH, Inhibin, and/or estrogens, progesterones, androgens) - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURYHormonal changes (levels of circulating sex hormones - FSH/LH, Inhibin, and/or estrogens, progesterones, androgens) - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Strong evidence in humans: skin toxicity; Condition: hyperkeratosis/ hyperpigmentation; Organs/tissues affected: skin
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: hypertension (high blood pressure); Organs/tissues affected: blood vessels
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: hypertension (high blood pressure); Organs/tissues affected: blood vessels
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: hypertension (high blood pressure); Organs/tissues affected: blood vessels
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: immune system toxicity; Condition: immune suppression; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: immune system toxicity; Condition: immune suppression; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Limited evidence in humans: immune system toxicity; Condition: immune suppression; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: low birth weight/small for gestational age/intra-uterine growth retardation; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: low birth weight/small for gestational age/intra-uterine growth retardation; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: low birth weight/small for gestational age/intra-uterine growth retardation; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: menstrual disorders (abnormal bleeding, short cycles, long cycles, irregular cycles, painful periods); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: menstrual disorders (abnormal bleeding, short cycles, long cycles, irregular cycles, painful periods); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Limited evidence in humans: ; Condition: metal fume fever; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: Minamata disease; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Limited evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: myelodysplastic syndrome (pre-leukemia); Organs/tissues affected: bone marrow
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: myocardial infarction (heart attack); Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: myocardial infarction (heart attack); Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: nasal septal perforation; Organs/tissues affected: nose
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: nephrotic syndrome; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: nephrotic syndrome; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: neural tube defects/central nervous system malformations; Organs/tissues affected: neural tube
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: neural tube defects/central nervous system malformations; Organs/tissues affected: neural tube
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Limited evidence in humans: nervous system; Condition: neurosthenia (organic affective syndrome); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Limited evidence in humans: nervous system; Condition: neurosthenia (organic affective syndrome); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: nervous system; Condition: neurosthenia (organic affective syndrome); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Limited evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity; Condition: osteoporosis; Organs/tissues affected: bone
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: peripheral neuropathy; Organs/tissues affected: peripheral nervous system
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: peripheral neuropathy; Organs/tissues affected: peripheral nervous system
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: peripheral neuropathy; Organs/tissues affected: peripheral nervous system
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: pneumonia; Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: pneumonitis (hypersensitivity); Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: pneumonitis (hypersensitivity); Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: porphyria (toxic); Organs/tissues affected: multiple organs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: pre-term delivery; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: psychiatric disturbances (disorientation, hallucinations, psychosis, delirium, paranoias, anxiety/depression, emotional laibility, mood changes, euphoria).; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: psychiatric disturbances (disorientation, hallucinations, psychosis, delirium, paranoias, anxiety/depression, emotional laibility, mood changes, euphoria).; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity, cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: pulmonary edema; Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: pulmonary fibrosis; Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: Raynaud's phenomenon; Organs/tissues affected: blood vessels
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: reduced fertility - female (infertility and subfertility); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: reduced fertility - female (infertility and subfertility); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: reduced fertility - male (infertility and subfertility); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: reduced fertility - male (infertility and subfertility); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity, skin toxicity; Condition: scleroderma; Organs/tissues affected: skin, connective tissue
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: seizures; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: seizures; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: skeletal malformations; Organs/tissues affected: bone
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Strong evidence in humans: skin toxicity; Condition: skin ulceration; Organs/tissues affected: skin
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: spasticity/myoclonus; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Moderate evidence in humans: gastrointestinal system toxicity; Condition: steatosis (fatty liver); Organs/tissues affected: liver
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Limited evidence in humans: endocrine system toxicity; Condition: thyroid disorders - hypothyroidism; Organs/tissues affected: thyroid gland
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: endocrine system toxicity; Condition: thyroid disorders - hypothyroidism; Organs/tissues affected: thyroid gland
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseARSENIC•Limited evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: uterine cancer; Organs/tissues affected: uterus
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseLEAD•Limited evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: Wilm's tumor; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority PollutantsARSENIC•Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority PollutantsLEAD•Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority PollutantsMERCURY•Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act
Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine SystemLEAD•EPA: probable endocrine disruptor
Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine SystemMERCURY•EPA: probable endocrine disruptor
National Library of Medicine HazMapMERCURY•Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes;
•Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin or lungs: Yes;
•Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male and female reproductive function: Yes;
•Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: Paint manufacturers agreed to discontinued the use of mercury in exterior paints after September 1991 and in interior paints after Aug 20, 1990. [ATSDR Case Studies # 17, p. 3];
•Toxic Pneumonitis: Yes;
•Nephrotoxin: Yes;
•Neurotoxin: Sensorimotor Neuropathy;LC: 11
National Library of Medicine HazMapLEAD•Anemia: Anemia, Hemolytic;
•Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male and female reproductive function: Yes;
•Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: Organic lead was added to gasoline in the US until January 1996. Lead allowable in US paint was reduced to 1% in 1971 and to 0.006% in 1977. [ATSDR Case Studies, Lead Toxicity];
•Nephrotoxin: Yes;
•Neurotoxin: Motor Neuropathy;PE: 0.05
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - CarcinogensARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS•IARC Group 1: carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens)
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - CarcinogensLEAD•IARC Group 2B: possible human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens)
Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humansARSENIC•Known to be neurotoxic to humans, suspected developmental neurotoxin
Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humansLEAD•Known to be neurotoxic to humans, suspected developmental neurotoxin
Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humansMERCURY•Known to be neurotoxic to humans, suspected developmental neurotoxin
Our Stolen Future Endocrine DisruptorsARSENIC•
Our Stolen Future Endocrine DisruptorsLEAD•
Our Stolen Future Endocrine DisruptorsMERCURY•
EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA)MERCURY•Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, priority chemical for voluntary waste/emission reductions
EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA)LEAD•Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, priority chemical for voluntary waste/emission reductions
California EPA Proposition 65LEAD•Developmental toxin: California Proposition 65
•Reproductive toxin, female: California Proposition 65
•Reproductive toxin, male: California Proposition 65
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004ARSENIC•Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004ARSENIC•Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected
Benowitz, N, 1992ARSENIC•Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1996ARSENIC•Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1984ARSENIC•Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected
Frazier , L, 1998ARSENIC•Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected
Keith, L, 1997ARSENIC•Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected
Proposition 65 List of CarcinogensARSENIC•Developmental toxicity hazards: recognized
Proposition 65 List of CarcinogensARSENIC•Cancer hazards: recognized
Benowitz, N, 1992LEAD•Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected
Brucker-Davis, F, 1998LEAD•Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1996LEAD•Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1995LEAD•Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected
nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180, 1996LEAD•Immunotoxicity hazards: suspected
Klaassen, C, 1996LEAD•Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected
Nemery, B, 1990LEAD•Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected
Proposition 65 List of CarcinogensLEAD•Developmental toxicity hazards: recognized
Proposition 65 List of CarcinogensLEAD•Cancer hazards: recognized
Proposition 65 List of CarcinogensLEAD•Reproductive toxicity hazards: recognized
US EPA, 9204MERCURY•Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1996MERCURY•Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1996MERCURY•Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1990MERCURY•Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1987MERCURY•Immunotoxicity hazards: suspected
Illinois EPA, 1997MERCURY•Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected
Klaassen, C, 1996MERCURY•Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected
Proposition 65 List of CarcinogensMERCURY•Developmental toxicity hazards: recognized
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, 1995MERCURY•Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected

references

government/industry list/academic study reference
European Union - Classification & LabellingCPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP.
FDA Food Additive StatusFDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Food Additive Status List. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html, Oct 16, 2006.
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics IngredientsHealth Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007.
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseCHE (The Collaborative on Health and the Environment). 2006. Toxicant and Disease Database.
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants
Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine SystemIllinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C.
National Library of Medicine HazMapNLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - CarcinogensIARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures).
Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humansGrandjean P and PJ Landrigan. 2006. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet. 2006 Dec 16;368(9553):2167-78.
Our Stolen Future Endocrine DisruptorsColborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996).
EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA)EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Resource Conservatin and Recovery Act (RCRA) Waste Minimization Program - priority chemicals for elimination or reduction.
California EPA Proposition 65California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, DiPalma, J.A., J. Cunningham, J. Herrera, T. McCaffery, and D. Wolf. Occupational and Industrial Toxin Exposures and the Gastrointestinal Tract. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 86(9): 1107-1117. 1991. (Table 2: Selected Agents with Purported Digestive System Injury)., US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995., Zimmerman, H.J. and J.H. Lewis. Chemical- and Toxin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 24(4): 1027-1045. 1995. (Table 3: Forms of environmental hepatic injury).
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationBenowitz, N.L. Cardiotoxicity in the Workplace. Occupational Medicine. 7(3): 465-477. 1992. (Table 1: Chemical Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease)., US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Kristensen, T. S. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Work Environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health. 15:245-264. 1989. (Table 5: Classification of possible risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the work environment)., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationUS EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Lu, F.C. Basic Toxicology. 2nd Edition. 1991., Nemery, B. Metal Toxicity and the Respiratory Tract. European Respiratory Journal. 3(2): 202-219. 1990.(Table 1: Summary of pulmonary toxicity of metals).
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationUS EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, Landrigan, P.J., Goyer, R.A. Clarkson, T.W., Sandler, D.P., Smith, J.H., Thun, M.J., and R. Wedeen. The Work-Relatedness of Renal Disease. Archives of Environmental Health. 39(3): 225-230. 1984. (Table 2: Estimated Numbers of Workers in the United States with Potential Occupational Exposures to Known or Suspect Nephrotoxins)., Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm, Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationFrazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationKeith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationProposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.-MC
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationProposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.-MC
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationBenowitz, N.L. Cardiotoxicity in the Workplace. Occupational Medicine. 7(3): 465-477. 1992. (Table 1: Chemical Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease)., US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Kristensen, T. S. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Work Environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health. 15:245-264. 1989. (Table 5: Classification of possible risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the work environment)., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationBrucker-Davis, F. Effects of Environmental Synthetic Chemicals on Thyroid Function. Thyroid. 8(9): 827-856. 1998., Illinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationUS EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Landrigan, P.J., Goyer, R.A. Clarkson, T.W., Sandler, D.P., Smith, J.H., Thun, M.J., and R. Wedeen. The Work-Relatedness of Renal Disease. Archives of Environmental Health. 39(3): 225-230. 1984. (Table 2: Estimated Numbers of Workers in the United States with Potential Occupational Exposures to Known or Suspect Nephrotoxins)., Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm, Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationUS EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Informationnternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180. Principles and Methods for Assessing Direct Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals. World Health Organization. Geneva, 1996. (Table 1: Examples of compounds that are immunotoxic for humans or rodents).
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationKlaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationNemery, B. Metal Toxicity and the Respiratory Tract. European Respiratory Journal. 3(2): 202-219. 1990.(Table 1: Summary of pulmonary toxicity of metals).
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationProposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationProposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationProposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationUS EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf., A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationA Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Landrigan, P.J., Goyer, R.A. Clarkson, T.W., Sandler, D.P., Smith, J.H., Thun, M.J., and R. Wedeen. The Work-Relatedness of Renal Disease. Archives of Environmental Health. 39(3): 225-230. 1984. (Table 2: Estimated Numbers of Workers in the United States with Potential Occupational Exposures to Known or Suspect Nephrotoxins)., Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm, Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationA Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationA Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Nemery, B. Metal Toxicity and the Respiratory Tract. European Respiratory Journal. 3(2): 202-219. 1990.(Table 1: Summary of pulmonary toxicity of metals).
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationA Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate. Labelling of chemical products, Swedish regulations and general advice with regard to the classification and labelling of chemical products hazardous to health, flammables and explosives. List of Allergenic Substances. National Chemicals Inspectorate, Solna, Sweden. 1987, 1990-1992.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationIllinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationKlaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationProposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.

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