LIMONENE

PERFUMING  

SCORE

6

moderate hazard

 

56%

data gap

(why scores have changed)

LIMONENE may be an impurity the following product types:
lip balm (92)
moisturizer (67)
body wash/cleanser (54)
shampoo (51)
lip gloss (45)
exfoliant/scrub (45)
bar soap (44)
toothpaste (42)
foot moisturizer (40)
bath oil/salts/soak (36)
facial moisturizer/treatment (34)
facial cleanser (31)
conditioner (28)
body oil (28)
hand cream (22)
sunscreen: lip balm (22)

Also listed as

DL-LIMONENE; D,L-LIMONENE (ISOMER UNSPECIFIED) ; DL-LIMONENE (RACEMIC) ; 1-METHYL-4-ISOPROPENPYLCYCLOHEXENE; 1-METHYL-4- (1-METHYLETHENYL) CYCLOHEXENE; DIPENTENE; LIMONENE ESSENTIAL OIL; (+) -4-ISOPROPENYL-1-METHYLCYCLOHEXENE; (+) -R-LIMONENE; (-) -LIMONENE; (S) -LIMONENE


Given the incomplete information made available by companies and the government, EWG provides additional information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature. The chart below indicates that research studies have found that exposure to this ingredient -- not the products containing it -- caused the indicated health effect(s) in the studies reviewed by Skin Deep researchers. Actual health risks, if any, will vary based on the level of exposure to the ingredient and individual susceptibility -- information not available in Skin Deep.

This ingredient:
yes, weakCancer
yes, weakDevelopmental/reproductive toxicity
yes, moderateViolations, restrictions & warnings
yes, strongAllergies/immunotoxicity
noContamination concerns
noOther strong concerns for this ingredient:
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
noLesser or emerging concerns for this ingredient:
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Ecotoxicology, Data gaps, Occupational hazards
 
See products containing LIMONENE
See ingredients that may have LIMONENE as an impurity

See products that may have LIMONENE as an impurity

LIMONENE has reported used in the following product types: facial moisturizer/treatment (182); hair color and bleaching (163); moisturizer (153); lip gloss (109); fragrance for women (104); styling gel/lotion (93); conditioner (86); anti-aging (80); body wash/cleanser (78); shampoo (63)


Allergies/immunotoxicity

type of concern product conditions reference
Known human immune system toxicant    National Library of Medicine HazMap
Possible human immune system toxicant    EU Banned and Restricted Fragrances
Limited evidence of immune system toxicity products for use on skin  European Union - Classification & Labelling

Violations, restrictions & warnings

type of concern product conditions reference
Recommended restricted in cosmetics - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Fragrance subject to restrictions: safe only if satisfies manufacturing specifications or purity limits, according to industry safety panel (International Fragrance Association)   International Fragrance Association Codes & Standards

Cancer

type of concern product conditions reference
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results    RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2001
show more

Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)

type of concern product conditions reference
Classified as irritant    European Union - Classification & Labelling
show more

Developmental/reproductive toxicity

type of concern product conditions reference
One or more animal studies show developmental effects at high doses    Kodama R, Okubo A,Araki E,Noda K,Ide H, Ikeda T, 1977

Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)

type of concern product conditions reference
One or more animal studies show broad systemic effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)    RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1974
show more

Ecotoxicology

type of concern product conditions reference
Wildlife and environmental toxicity    European Union - Classification & Labelling
show more

Data gaps

type of concern product conditions reference
Not assessed for safety in cosmetics by industry panel  
550 studies in PubMed science library may include information on the toxicity of this chemical see search results ->   PubMed

Persistence and bioaccumulation

type of concern product conditions reference
Not suspected to be persistent     Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List
show more

Miscellaneous

type of concern product conditions reference
Occupational hazards related to handling   European Union - Classification & Labelling

Multiple, additive exposure sources

type of concern product conditions reference
Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food   FDA Everything Added to Food



Government, industry, academic studies and classifications

government/industry list/academic study appears on list as classification(s)
European Union - Classification & LabellingDIPENTENE•Flammable
•Irritant (eyes, skin, or lungs)
•Irritating to skin
•May cause sensitization by skin contact
•Dangerous for the environment
•Very toxic to aquatic organisms
Association of Occupational and Environmental ClinicsLIMONENE• S
FDA Everything Added to FoodD-LIMONENE• Fully up-to-date toxicology information has been sought.
Environmental Canada Domestic Substance ListCYCLOHEXENE, 1-METHYL-4-(1-METHYLETHENYL)-•This chemical was NOT flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical was flagged for as a low human health priority.
EU Banned and Restricted FragrancesLIMONENEFragrance chemical, which is less frequently reported and thus less documented as a consumer allergen.
IFRA Fragrance Ingredient ListDL-LIMONENE (RACEMIC)•The chemical has been reported as used in fragrance compounds by IFRA affiliated member companies in 2008.
National Library of Medicine HazMapD-LIMONENE•Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin or lungs: Yes;
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - CarcinogensD-LIMONENE •IARC Group 3 (no cancer link)
International Fragrance Association Codes & StandardsLIMONENE•Fragrance subject to restrictions: safe only if satisfies manufacturing specifications or purity limitation
Kodama R, Okubo A,Araki E,Noda K,Ide H, Ikeda T, 1977D-LIMONENEDevelopmental toxicity (significant increase in the number of fetuses with skeletal abnormalities, including lumbar ribs, fused ribs, and delayed ossification of several bones in the paws) were observed in the animals administered 2363 mg/kg/day.
RTECS®- Drug Design and Delivery (Chur Harwood Academic) V 1990LIMONENE• skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit )
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2001LIMONENE• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse fbr)
RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1974LIMONENE• broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (rat LD50)
• skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit )
RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1978LIMONENE• skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit )
RTECS®- Toxicologist 2003LIMONENE• skin - Primary skin irritant (rat )

references

government/industry list/academic study reference
European Union - Classification & LabellingCPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP.
Association of Occupational and Environmental ClinicsAOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation.
FDA Everything Added to FoodFDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
Environmental Canada Domestic Substance ListEC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
EU Banned and Restricted FragrancesSCCPNFP (Scientific Committee On Cosmetic Products And Non-Food Products). 1999. Opinion Concerning Fragrance Allergy In Consumers. . SCCNFP/0017/98 Final, December 1999; and SCCPNFP (Scientific Committee On Cosmetic Products And Non-Food Products). 2000. An Initial List Of Perfumery Materials Which Must Not Form Part Of Fragrances Compounds Used In Cosmetic Products. SCCNFP/0320/00, final May 2000.
IFRA Fragrance Ingredient ListIFRA (International Fragrance Assocication). 2010. IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List based on 2008 Use Survey. Accessed online 01/04/2010: http://www.ifraorg.org/Home/News/Latest-News/page.aspx/66?xf_itemId=43&xf_selectionDatapartId=25
National Library of Medicine HazMapNLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - CarcinogensIARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures).
International Fragrance Association Codes & StandardsIFRA (International Fragrance Association). 2006. Codes and Standards.
Open scientific literatureKodama R, Okubo A,Araki E,Noda K,Ide H, Ikeda T. Studies on d-limonene as a gallstone solubilizer. (VII). Effects on development of mouse fetuses and offsprings 1977; Oyo Yakuri. 13(6): 863-873.
RTECS®- Drug Design and Delivery (Chur Harwood Academic) V 1990RTECS®- Drug Design and Delivery (Chur Harwood Academic) V.1- 6,229,1990
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2001RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 37,231,2001
RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1974RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. 12,703,1974
RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1978RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. 16,809,1978
RTECS®- Toxicologist 2003RTECS®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- 1981- 72,379,2003

"RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through MDL Information Systems, Inc.

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