THIMEROSAL

Preservative  

SCORE

10

high hazard

 

46%

data gap

(why scores have changed)

Also listed as

ETHYL (2-MERCAPTOBENZOATO-S) MERCURY, SODIUM SALT; SODIUM ETHYLMERCURITHIOSALICYLATE; SODIUM SALT ETHYL (2-MERCAPTOBENZOATO-S) MERCURY; THIOMERSAL; ( (O-CARBOXYPHENYL) THIO) ETHYLMERCURY SODIUM SALT; ELICIDE; ETHYL (SODIUM O-MERCAPTOBENZOATO) MERCURY; ETHYL (2-MERCAPTOBENZOATO-S) MERCURY SODIUM SALT; ETHYLMERCURITHIOSALICYLIC ACID SODIUM SALT; ETHYLMERKURITHIOSALICILAN SODNY (CZECH) ; MERCUROTHIOLATE


Given the incomplete information made available by companies and the government, EWG provides additional information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature. The chart below indicates that research studies have found that exposure to this ingredient -- not the products containing it -- caused the indicated health effect(s) in the studies reviewed by Skin Deep researchers. Actual health risks, if any, will vary based on the level of exposure to the ingredient and individual susceptibility -- information not available in Skin Deep.

This ingredient:
yes, moderateCancer
yes, moderateDevelopmental/reproductive toxicity
yes, strongViolations, restrictions & warnings
yes, strongAllergies/immunotoxicity
noContamination concerns
noOther strong concerns for this ingredient:
Persistence and bioaccumulation, Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Occupational hazards
noOther moderate concerns for this ingredient:
Neurotoxicity, Endocrine disruption, Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs), Biochemical or cellular level changes
noLesser or emerging concerns for this ingredient:
Ecotoxicology, Data gaps
 
See products containing THIMEROSAL

About THIMEROSAL: Thimerosal is a mercury-based preservative used in some vaccines and cosmetics. According to FDA, 'Mercury compounds are readily absorbed through the skin on topical application and tend to accumulate in the body. They may cause allergic reactions, skin irritation, or neurotoxic manifestations.' Mercury is considered particularly toxic to the developing brain during pregnancy, infancy and childhood. FDA has banned the use of mercury compounds in all cosmetics except those used around the eyes, w ... read more

THIMEROSAL has reported used in the following product types: mascara (2); eye shadow (1)


Allergies/immunotoxicity

type of concern product conditions reference
Known human immune system toxicant    National Library of Medicine HazMap
Human skin toxicant - strong evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Limited evidence of immune system toxicity    A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1987
Human immune toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Violations, restrictions & warnings

type of concern product conditions reference
Violation of government restrictions - Banned or found unsafe for use in cosmetics   Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients
Restricted in cosmetics (recommendations or requirements) - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Restricted for use in cosmetics by the FDA (US)   U.S. - Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted in Cosmetics by FDA Regulations
Restricted in cosmetics (recommendations or requirements) - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Use is restricted in Canadian cosmetics   Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients
Restricted in cosmetics (recommendations or requirements) - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Restricted in EU cosmetics (mandatory manufacturing or structural specifications)   European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics

Developmental/reproductive toxicity

type of concern product conditions reference
Possible human developmental toxicant    California EPA Proposition 65
Human nervous system toxicant - strong evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human developmental toxicant - strong evidence    Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens
Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity    European Union - Classification & Labelling
Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity    National Library of Medicine HazMap
Limited evidence of toxicity    National Academy - Institute of Medicine, 2004
Human reproductive toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human developmental toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human musculoskeletal toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence    Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at very low doses    RTECS®- Rinsho Ganka 1972
show more

Neurotoxicity

type of concern product conditions reference
Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity    Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans
Limited evidence of toxicity    National Academy - Institute of Medicine, 2004
One or more animal studies show brain and nervous system effects at very low doses    RTECS®- Toxicologist
show more

Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)

type of concern product conditions reference
Known human respiratory toxicant    EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants
Known human renal toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Known human respiratory toxicant products that may be aerosolized (airborne)  CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Known human sense organ toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Possible human hematologic toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Possible human renal toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Possible human cardiovascular toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
Possible human respiratory toxicant    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
One or more animal studies show blood effects at very low doses    RTECS®- Toxicologist
One or more animal studies show metabolic effects at very low doses    RTECS®- Toxicologist
Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful     Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List
show more

Persistence and bioaccumulation

type of concern product conditions reference
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans    National Library of Medicine HazMap
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans    EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife    National Library of Medicine HazMap
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife    Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife    Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife    EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA)
show more

Occupational hazards

type of concern product conditions reference
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses    RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses    European Union - Classification & Labelling
Strong evidence of occupational hazards    European Union - Classification & Labelling

Endocrine disruption

type of concern product conditions reference
Limited evidence of endocrine disruption    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
show more

Cancer

type of concern product conditions reference
Cancer - limited evidence    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database
show more

Biochemical or cellular level changes

type of concern product conditions reference
Cancer - moderate evidence - immune system    CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)

type of concern product conditions reference
One or more animal studies show skin irritation at very low doses    RTECS®- American Journal of Contact Dermatitis: Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society (Philadelphia, PA : W 2002

Ecotoxicology

type of concern product conditions reference
Wildlife and environmental toxicity    European Union - Classification & Labelling
show more

Miscellaneous

type of concern product conditions reference
Occupational hazards related to handling   European Union - Classification & Labelling

Data gaps

type of concern product conditions reference
Not assessed for safety in cosmetics by industry panel  
Insufficient data to determine safety   EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
37,677 studies in PubMed science library may include information on the toxicity of this chemical see search results ->   PubMed



Government, industry, academic studies and classifications

government/industry list/academic study appears on list as classification(s)
European Union - Classification & LabellingMERCURY•May be toxic to the reproductive system
•Very toxic to aquatic organisms
European Union - Classification & LabellingMERCURY DIFULMINATE•Explosive
•Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
•Toxic
•Toxic by inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion
•Danger of cumulative effects
•Dangerous for the environment
•Very toxic to aquatic organisms
European Union - Classification & LabellingMERCURY DICHLORIDE; MERCURIC CHLORIDE•Limited evidence of mutagenic effect
•Very toxic to aquatic organisms
U.S. - Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted in Cosmetics by FDA RegulationsMERCURY COMPOUNDS•Restricted for use in cosmetics by the FDA (US)
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics IngredientsMERCURY•Use is restricted in Canadian cosmetics
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics IngredientsTHIMEROSAL•Use is restricted in Canadian cosmetics
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics IngredientsTHIMEROSAL•Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: acute tubular necrosis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURYALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: altered sex ratio; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: anemia (including hemolytic); Organs/tissues affected: blood
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: hematologic system toxicity; Condition: aplastic anemia; Organs/tissues affected: bone marrow
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: immune system toxicity; Condition: autoimmune antibodies (positive ANA, anti-DNA, RF, etc.); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: behavioral problems; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: brain cancer (adult); Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: bronchitis - acute; Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: cerebral palsy; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: chronic renal disease; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cognitive impairment (includes impaired learning, impaired memory, and decreased attention span)/mental retardation/developmental delay; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: congenital malformations (birth defects); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: skin toxicity; Condition: contact dermatitis - irritant; Organs/tissues affected: skin
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis; Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: cranio- facial malformations; Organs/tissues affected: bone
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: decreased coordination/ dysequilibrium; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURYDecreased vision (includes blindness, retinopathy, optic neuropathy) - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: delayed growth; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: erectile dysfunction; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: fetotoxicity (miscarriage/spontaneous abortion, stillbirth); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: glomerulonephritis; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: sense organ system toxicity; Condition: hearing loss; Organs/tissues affected: ears
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURYHormonal changes (levels of circulating sex hormones - FSH/LH, Inhibin, and/or estrogens, progesterones, androgens) - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: hypertension (high blood pressure); Organs/tissues affected: blood vessels
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: immune system toxicity; Condition: immune suppression; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: developmental toxicity; Condition: low birth weight/small for gestational age/intra-uterine growth retardation; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: menstrual disorders (abnormal bleeding, short cycles, long cycles, irregular cycles, painful periods); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: Minamata disease; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: myocardial infarction (heart attack); Organs/tissues affected: heart
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: renal system toxicity; Condition: nephrotic syndrome; Organs/tissues affected: kidney
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity, developmental toxicity; Condition: neural tube defects/central nervous system malformations; Organs/tissues affected: neural tube
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: nervous system; Condition: neurosthenia (organic affective syndrome); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: peripheral neuropathy; Organs/tissues affected: peripheral nervous system
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: pneumonia; Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: pneumonitis (hypersensitivity); Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: psychiatric disturbances (disorientation, hallucinations, psychosis, delirium, paranoias, anxiety/depression, emotional laibility, mood changes, euphoria).; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Moderate evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity, cardiovascular system toxicity; Condition: pulmonary edema; Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: respiratory system toxicity; Condition: pulmonary fibrosis; Organs/tissues affected: lungs
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: reduced fertility - female (infertility and subfertility); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: reproductive system toxicity; Condition: reduced fertility - male (infertility and subfertility); Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: musculoskeletal system toxicity, skin toxicity; Condition: scleroderma; Organs/tissues affected: skin, connective tissue
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: seizures; Organs/tissues affected: brain
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Strong evidence in humans: nervous system toxicity; Condition: spasticity/myoclonus; Organs/tissues affected:
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseMERCURY•Limited evidence in humans: endocrine system toxicity; Condition: thyroid disorders - hypothyroidism; Organs/tissues affected: thyroid gland
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority PollutantsMERCURY•Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act
Environmental Canada Domestic Substance ListMERCURATE(1-), ETHYL[2-MERCAPTOBENZOATO(2-)-O,S]-, SODIUM•This chemical was flagged for further attention by CEPA due to suspected aquatic toxicity and persistence.
Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine SystemMERCURY•EPA: probable endocrine disruptor
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)MERCURY, ELEMENTAL•Group D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (EPA classification)
European Union - Banned or Restricted in CosmeticsMERCURY AND ITS COMPOUNDS•Restricted in EU cosmetics (mandatory manufacturing or structural specifications)
European Union - Water Framework DirectiveMERCURY AND ITS COMPOUNDS•Priority substance in EU water policy
EPA Hazardous Air PollutantsMERCURY COMPOUNDS•Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act
National Library of Medicine HazMapMERCURY•Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes;
•Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin or lungs: Yes;
•Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male and female reproductive function: Yes;
•Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: Paint manufacturers agreed to discontinued the use of mercury in exterior paints after September 1991 and in interior paints after Aug 20, 1990. [ATSDR Case Studies # 17, p. 3];
•Toxic Pneumonitis: Yes;
•Nephrotoxin: Yes;
•Neurotoxin: Sensorimotor Neuropathy;LC: 11
National Library of Medicine HazMapTHIMEROSAL•Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes;
•Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin or lungs: Yes;
•TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 0.1 mg/m3, as Hg;
•BEI - Biological Exposure Indices (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene, ACGIH): Total inorganic Hg in urine = 35 ug/g creatinine, sample preshift; Total inorganic Hg in blood = 15 ug/L, sample at end of shift at end of workweek;
National Library of Medicine HazMapMERCURY, ARYL COMPOUNDS•Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes;
•Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male and female reproductive function: Yes;
•Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: EPA banned for pesticide use phenylmercuric acetate (PMA), phenylmercuric oleate (PMO), and Di(phenylmercury)dodecyenylsuccinate (PMDS); [http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/international/piclist.htm];
•Neurotoxin: Other CNS Neurotoxin;
•Bioaccumulates: Yes;TL: 0.1 m
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - CarcinogensMERCURY AND INORGANIC MERCURY COMPOUNDS•IARC Group 3 (no cancer link)
Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humansMERCURY•Known to be neurotoxic to humans, suspected developmental neurotoxin
Our Stolen Future Endocrine DisruptorsMERCURY•
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)MERCURY COMPOUNDS•Persistent toxicant under Canada's Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics program - targeted for elimination or reduction
Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTsMERCURY COMPOUNDS•Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Great Lakes Binational Strategy, Tier 1 concern (highest), targeted for phase-out
EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA)MERCURY•Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, priority chemical for voluntary waste/emission reductions
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTsMERCURY COMPOUNDS•Very persistent and bioaccumulative toxicant - targeted for waste reporting under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs
National Academy - Institute of Medicine, 2004THIMEROSALThimerosal vaccines are causally associated with autism
National Academy - Institute of Medicine, 2004THIMEROSALThimerosal vaccines are causally associated with autism in children
California EPA Proposition 65MERCURY AND MERCURY COMPOUNDS•Developmental toxin: California Proposition 65
US EPA, 9204MERCURY•Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1996MERCURY•Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1996MERCURY•Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1990MERCURY•Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1987MERCURY•Immunotoxicity hazards: suspected
Illinois EPA, 1997MERCURY•Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected
Klaassen, C, 1996MERCURY•Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected
Proposition 65 List of CarcinogensMERCURY•Developmental toxicity hazards: recognized
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, 1995MERCURY•Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected
Malachowsky, M, 1995MERCURY COMPOUNDS•Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected
Proposition 65 List of CarcinogensMERCURY COMPOUNDS•Developmental toxicity hazards: recognized
Proposition 65 List of CarcinogensMERCURY COMPOUNDS•Cancer hazards: suspected
RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006THIMEROSAL• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS®- "Chemistry of Pesticides," Melnikov, N 1971THIMEROSAL• broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (rat LD50)
RTECS®- American Journal of Contact Dermatitis: Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society (Philadelphia, PA : W 2002THIMEROSAL• skin - Dermatitis, allergic ( human TDLo)
RTECS®- American Journal of Ophthalmology 1974THIMEROSAL• sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit )
RTECS®- American Journal of Ophthalmology 1974THIMEROSAL• sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit )
RTECS®- Archives of Ophthalmology (Chicago) 1975THIMEROSAL• reproductive - Abortion (rat TDLo)
• reproductive - Fetal death (rabbit TDLo)
• reproductive - Post-implantation mortality (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 2003THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test ( human lym)
RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 2003THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test ( human lym)
RTECS®- Clinical Toxicology 1971THIMEROSAL• metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (rat TDLo)
• respiratory - Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Clinical Toxicology 1971THIMEROSAL• broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (rat LD50)
• cancer - reproductive neoplasms (rat TDLo)
• cancer - Tumors at site of application (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1992THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ipr)
• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (mouse ipr)
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1992THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ipr)
• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (mouse ipr)
RTECS®- Journal of Pediatrics 1984THIMEROSAL• brain and nervous system - Ataxia (child LDLo)
• metabolic - Metabolic acidosis (child LDLo)
• gastrointestinal - Nausea or vomiting (child LDLo)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (hamster lng)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (hamster emb)
• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (hamster emb)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction ( human lym)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (hamster lng)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (hamster ovr)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (hamster lng)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (hamster emb)
• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (hamster emb)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction ( human lym)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (hamster lng)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003THIMEROSAL• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (hamster ovr)
RTECS®- Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1962THIMEROSAL• broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (mouse LD50)
RTECS®- Pesticide Chemicals Official Compendium, Association of the American Pesticide Control Officials, Inc 1966THIMEROSAL• broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (rat LD50)
RTECS®- Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology 1939THIMEROSAL• broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (mouse LD50)
• kidney or renal system - Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular (mouse LD50)
RTECS®- Rinsho Ganka 1972THIMEROSAL• reproductive - Fetal death (rabbit TDLo)
RTECS®- Toxicologist THIMEROSAL• blood - Other changes (mouse TDLo)
• brain and nervous system - Other degenerative changes (mouse TDLo)
• metabolic - Other metals (mouse TDLo)

references

government/industry list/academic study reference
European Union - Classification & LabellingCPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP.
U.S. - Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted in Cosmetics by FDA RegulationsFDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), 2006. Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted by FDA Regulations. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Cosmetics and Colors. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-210.html.
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics IngredientsHealth Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007.
CHE Toxicant and Disease DatabaseCHE (The Collaborative on Health and the Environment). 2006. Toxicant and Disease Database.
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants
Environmental Canada Domestic Substance ListEC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine SystemIllinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C.
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines.
European Union - Banned or Restricted in CosmeticsEC (European Commission of the European Union). 1999-2006. Enterprise Directorate-General Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics. The rules governing cosmetic products in the European Union, Volume 1, "Cosmetics legislation."
European Union - Water Framework DirectiveEU (European Union). 2000. Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC ) - integrated river basin management for Europe. List of priority substances.
EPA Hazardous Air PollutantsEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005.
National Library of Medicine HazMapNLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - CarcinogensIARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures).
Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humansGrandjean P and PJ Landrigan. 2006. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet. 2006 Dec 16;368(9553):2167-78.
Our Stolen Future Endocrine DisruptorsColborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996).
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTsGreat Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy). 1997. Canada-United States Strategy for the Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great Lakes. Appendix I - Level 1 and Level 2 substances.
EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA)EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Resource Conservatin and Recovery Act (RCRA) Waste Minimization Program - priority chemicals for elimination or reduction.
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTsEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule.
Open scientific literatureNational Academy - Institute of Medicine, 2004. "Immunization Safety Review", Accessed at http://www.iom.edu/?id=4705 on May 14, 2007.
Open scientific literatureNational Academy - Institute of Medicine, 2004. "Immunization Safety Review", Accessed at http://www.iom.edu/?id=4705 on May 14, 2007.
California EPA Proposition 65California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationUS EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf., A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationA Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Landrigan, P.J., Goyer, R.A. Clarkson, T.W., Sandler, D.P., Smith, J.H., Thun, M.J., and R. Wedeen. The Work-Relatedness of Renal Disease. Archives of Environmental Health. 39(3): 225-230. 1984. (Table 2: Estimated Numbers of Workers in the United States with Potential Occupational Exposures to Known or Suspect Nephrotoxins)., Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm, Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationA Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationA Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Nemery, B. Metal Toxicity and the Respiratory Tract. European Respiratory Journal. 3(2): 202-219. 1990.(Table 1: Summary of pulmonary toxicity of metals).
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationA Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate. Labelling of chemical products, Swedish regulations and general advice with regard to the classification and labelling of chemical products hazardous to health, flammables and explosives. List of Allergenic Substances. National Chemicals Inspectorate, Solna, Sweden. 1987, 1990-1992.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationIllinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationKlaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationProposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationMalachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationProposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationProposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.-MC
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