NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Also listed as
MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE; MICROTIO2; NANO TIO2
Given the incomplete information made available by companies and the government, EWG provides additional information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature. The chart below indicates that research studies have found that exposure to this ingredient -- not the products containing it -- caused the indicated health effect(s) in the studies reviewed by Skin Deep researchers. Actual health risks, if any, will vary based on the level of exposure to the ingredient and individual susceptibility -- information not available in Skin Deep.
| This ingredient: | |
 | Cancer |
 | Developmental/reproductive toxicity |
| Violations, restrictions & warnings |
| Allergies/immunotoxicity |
| Contamination concerns |
 | Other strong concerns for this ingredient: Enhanced skin absorption, Occupational hazards, Biochemical or cellular level changes |
| Other moderate concerns for this ingredient: Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs) |
 | Lesser or emerging concerns for this ingredient: Ecotoxicology, Data gaps |
|
See products containing NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | |
About NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE: Nano TiO2 offers greater sun protection than larger titanium particles. Comparatively little is known regarding potential health effects of nanoparticles. They do not penetrate healthy skin, and thus appear to pose a low health risk in lotions. Inhalation of powders and sprays is a concern.
ingredient UV blocking strength
| common sunscreen concentrations |
UV blocking strength |
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2.0% |
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2.5% |
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3.8% |
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4.4% |
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6.0% |
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25.0% |
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NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE has reported used in the following product types: sunscreen: makeup (500); foundation (431); facial moisturizer/treatment (206); sunscreen: moisturizer (190); sunscreen: SPF 15-30 (148); anti-aging (98); lipstick (91); sunscreen: lip balm (85); sunscreen: SPF greater than 30 (69); lip balm (57)
Cancer
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens |
| show more | ||
Biochemical or cellular level changes
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Produces excess reactive oxygen species that can interfere with cellular signaling, cause mutations, lead to cell death and may be implicated in cardiovascular disease. | Long, 2006 | |
| Produces excess reactive oxygen species that can interfere with cellular signaling, cause mutations, lead to cell death and may be implicated in cardiovascular disease. | Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, et al, 2006 | |
| Produces excess reactive oxygen species that can interfere with cellular signaling, cause mutations, lead to cell death and may be implicated in cardiovascular disease. | Kang SJ, Kim BM, Lee YJ et al, 2008 | |
| Produces excess reactive oxygen species that can interfere with cellular signaling, cause mutations, lead to cell death and may be implicated in cardiovascular disease. | Long TC, Tajuba J, Sama P et al, 2007 | |
| Produces excess reactive oxygen species that can interfere with cellular signaling, cause mutations, lead to cell death and may be implicated in cardiovascular disease. | Brezová V, Gabčová S, Dvoranová D et al, 2005 | |
| One or more animal studies show biochemical changes at very low doses where the human health implications are not yet well understood | RTECS®- Toxicologist 2005 | |
| show more | ||
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| One or more animal studies show immune effects at low doses | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | Grassian VH, O'Shaughnessy P T, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Pettibone JM, Thorne PS, 2007 |
| show more | ||
Occupational hazards
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | National Library of Medicine HazMap | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| One or more animal studies show respiratory effects at very low doses | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | Chen HW, Su SF, Chien CT, Lin WH, Yu SL, Chou CC, et al, 2006 |
| One or more animal studies show respiratory effects at very low doses | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | RTECS®- Toxicologist 2005 |
| One or more animal studies show cardiovascular effects at very low doses | RTECS®- Toxicologist 2005 | |
| One or more animal studies show respiratory effects at very low doses | products that may be aerosolized (airborne) | RTECS®- Toxicologist 2002 |
| Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| Classified as medium human health priority | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | |
| show more | ||
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| One or more animal studies show significant but moderate pulmonary irritation at low doses | Grassian VH, O | |
| show more | ||
Ecotoxicology
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | Baun A, Hartmann NB, Grieger K, Kusk KO, 2008 | |
| show more | ||
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative | Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List |
Decreased skin absorption
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| No absorption into intact skin | Inveresk Report, 1996 | |
| show more | ||
Multiple, additive exposure sources
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food | FDA Everything Added to Food |
Enhanced skin absorption
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Nano-scale ingredients with potential to absorb into the skin | Nanomaterial Database | |
| Suspected nano-scale ingredients with potential to absorb into the skin | Nanomaterial Database | |
| Does not cause enhanced penetration | Castiel-Higounenc, ? | |
| Does not cause enhanced penetration | Degussa, 1994 | |
| Does not cause enhanced penetration | Degussa, 1996 | |
| Does not cause enhanced penetration | Gamer, 2005 |
Data gaps
| type of concern | product conditions | reference |
| Not assessed for safety in cosmetics by industry panel | ||
| 3,255 studies in PubMed science library may include information on the toxicity of this chemical see search results -> | PubMed |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | •Limited evidence in humans: immune system toxicity; Condition: immune suppression; Organs/tissues affected: |
| FDA Color Additive Status | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | •Color additive approved by FDA for use in cosmetics •Color additive approved by FDA for cosmetics used around eyes |
| FDA Color Additive Status | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | •Color additive used in medical devices |
| FDA Everything Added to Food | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • Fully up-to-date toxicology information has been sought. |
| Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | TITANIUM OXIDE (TIO2) | •This chemical was deemed a moderate human health priority and was flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical was flagged for suspected persistence. |
| CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | •Color Additives - Exempt from Batch Certification by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
| IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List | TITANIUM OXIDE (TIO2) | •The chemical has been reported as used in fragrance compounds by IFRA affiliated member companies in 2008. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 15 mg/m3, total dust; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 10 mg/m3; •IDLH (NIOSH) - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: 5000 mg/m3; •MAK - Maximum Allowable Concentration (Federal Republic of Germany): 1.5 mg/m3, respirable fraction; |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | •IARC Group 2B: possible human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens) |
| Nanomaterial Database | NANO-SCALE INGREDIENT | •nano-scale ingredient |
| Nanomaterial Database | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | •potential nano-scale ingredient |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | •Potential occupational carcinogen according to NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | TITANIUM OXIDE | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| Castiel-Higounenc, ? | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| Degussa, 1994 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| Degussa, 1996 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| Gamer, 2005 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Inveresk Report, 1996 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Jue-Chen, 1990 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Kertesz, 2005 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Lademann, 1999 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Long, 2006 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Produces damaging reactive oxygen species upon in vitro |
| Menzel, 2004 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Penetration into epidermis, No titanium dioxide in hair follicles |
| Pflucker, 1999 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin. Titanium dioxide found at openings of hair follicles, but did not absorb into follicle cells |
| Pflucker, 2001 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| Popov, 2005 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| R-Christ, 1994 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| R-Christ, 1995 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Schaefer, 2001 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Schultz, 2002 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| Spruce, 1993 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| Sterry, 1997 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin, Titanium dioxide found at openings of hair follicles |
| Weisse, 1994 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of egg membrane |
| Alvarez-Roman, 2004 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Smaller particles accumulate in hair follicles more than larger particles, particles do not absorb into skin |
| Brunner, 2006 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | micronized titanium dixoxide found to mitochondria in human (MSTO-211H) cells |
| Gamer, A, 2006 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | The amounts of titanium found in the tape strips and skin preparations were in the order of the analytical determination limit. No Ti was found in the receptor fluid at any sampling time. |
| Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, et al, 2006 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Generates reactive oxygen species upon exposure to sunlight. |
| Chen HW, Su SF, Chien CT, Lin WH, Yu SL, Chou CC, et al, 2006 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES | NanoTiO2 (19-21 nm size) induced severe pulmonary emphysema in adult male mice. |
| Mavon A, Miquel C, Lejeune O, Payre B, Moretto P, 2007 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No TiO(2) was detected in the follicle, viable epidermis or dermis following skin application. |
| Grassian VH, O'Shaughnessy P T, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Pettibone JM, Thorne PS, 2007 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES | Mice subacutely exposed to 2-5 nm TiO(2) nanoparticles via inhalation (concentration: 8.88 mg/m(3)) showed a significant but moderate inflammatory response among animals at week 0, 1, or 2 after exposure that resolved by week 3 postexposure. |
| Kang SJ, Kim BM, Lee YJ et al, 2008 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES | Results suggest that nano-TiO(2) induces ROS generation in lymphocytes, significantly increasing micronucleus formation and DNA breakage. |
| Long TC, Tajuba J, Sama P et al, 2007 | COMMERCIAL TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOMATERIAL DEGUSSA P25 | 25 nm titanium dioxide nanomaterial similar in size to those used in sunscreens stimulates ROS in BV2 microglia and is nontoxic to isolated N27 neurons. However, the material rapidly damages neurons at low concentrations in complex brain cultures, plausib |
| Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, et al, 2006 | NANOSCALE TITANIA (RUTILE, ANATASE) | Nanoscale titanium dioxide particles induced cytotoxicity in human lung cell cultures; the most cytotoxic mineral forms of titanium dioxide generated more reactive oxygen species. |
| Wang JJ, Sanderson BJ, Wang H, 2007 | ULTRAFINE TIO2 | UF-TiO(2) (less than 100 nm diameter) can cause genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in cultured human cells. |
| Grassian VH, O | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Mice subacutely exposed to 2-5 nm TiO(2) nanoparticles showed a significant but moderate inflammatory response among animals at week 0, 1, or 2 after exposure that resolved by week 3 postexposure. |
| Ahn MH, Kang CM, et al, 2005 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | TiO2 induces goblet cell hyperplasia (GCH) and Muc5ac expression, and this process may be associated with increased production of Interlleukin-13 by mast cells. |
| Brezová V, Gabčová S, Dvoranová D et al, 2005 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM, EXTRACTED FROM SUNSCREEN | Irradiation of titanium dioxide powder in different solvents (water, dimethyl sulfoxide, isopropyl myristate) resulted in the generation of oxygen-centered reactive radical species |
| Geiser M, Casaulta M, Kupferschmid B et al, 2008 | MICONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Macrophages are unable to clear inhaled titanium dioxide nanoparticles from lungs. |
| Baun A, Hartmann NB, Grieger K, Kusk KO, 2008 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Nano titanium dioxide and other nanoparticles are generally toxic to aquatic invertebrates at low mg per liter concentrations. |
| Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and non-food products intended for consumers concerning Titanium Dioxide, 2000 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | SCCNFP review of Titanium Dioxide did not identify relevant in vivo reproductive/developmental toxicity studies |
| California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2004 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | •Cancer hazards: suspected |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- "Cutaneous Toxicity, Proceedings of the 3rd Conference, 1976," Drill, V 1977 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • skin - Primary skin irritant ( human ) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1993 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ipr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (hamster ovr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2005 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • biochemical - Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation (rat TCLo) • respiratory - Other changes (rat TCLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2005 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • respiratory - Other changes (rat TDLo) • cardiovascular - Regional or general arteriolar constriction (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2002 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • respiratory - Other changes (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2002 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • biochemical - Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation (rat TDLo) • respiratory - Other changes (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology In Vitro 1987 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 2003 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | |
| RTECS®- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances 1994 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • gastrointestinal - Hypermotility, diarrhea (rat TDLo) • gastrointestinal - Other changes (rat TDLo) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | CHE (The Collaborative on Health and the Environment). 2006. Toxicant and Disease Database. |
| FDA Color Additive Status | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Color Additive Status List. September 2006. |
| FDA Everything Added to Food | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. |
| Environmental Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook | CTFA (Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association). 2006. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 11th Edition. Color Additive Information. Washington, DC. |
| IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List | IFRA (International Fragrance Assocication). 2010. IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List based on 2008 Use Survey. Accessed online 01/04/2010: http://www.ifraorg.org/Home/News/Latest-News/page.aspx/66?xf_itemId=43&xf_selectionDatapartId=25 |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| Nanomaterial Database | NanoWerk. 2007. Nanomaterial Database. Available online: http://www.nanowerk.com/phpscripts/n_dbsearch.php |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2006. NIOSH Carcinogens List (Potential occupational carcinogens). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| Open scientific literature | {Castiel-Higounenc, ?} |
| Open scientific literature | {Degussa, 1994} |
| Open scientific literature | {Degussa, 1996} |
| Open scientific literature | {Gamer, 2005} |
| Open scientific literature | {Inveresk Report, 1996} |
| Open scientific literature | {Jue-Chen, 1990} |
| Open scientific literature | {Kertesz, 2005} |
| Open scientific literature | {Lademann, 1999} |
| Open scientific literature | {Long, 2006} |
| Open scientific literature | {Menzel, 2004} |
| Open scientific literature | {Pflucker, 1999} |
| Open scientific literature | {Pflucker, 2001} |
| Open scientific literature | {Popov, 2005} |
| Open scientific literature | {R-Christ, 1994} |
| Open scientific literature | {R-Christ, 1995} |
| Open scientific literature | {Schaefer, 2001} |
| Open scientific literature | {Schultz, 2002} |
| Open scientific literature | {Spruce, 1993} |
| Open scientific literature | {Sterry, 1997} |
| Open scientific literature | {Weisse, 1994} |
| Open scientific literature | {Alvarez-Roman, 2004} |
| Open scientific literature | {Brunner, 2006} |
| Open scientific literature | Gamer, A. O., E. Leibold, et al. (2006). "The in vitro absorption of microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide through porcine skin." Toxicology in Vitro 20: 301-307. |
| Open scientific literature | Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, et al. 2006. Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: a cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci 92(1): 174-185. |
| Open scientific literature | Chen HW, Su SF, Chien CT, Lin WH, Yu SL, Chou CC, et al. 2006. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce emphysema-like lung injury in mice. Faseb J 20(13): 2393-2395. |
| Open scientific literature | Mavon A, Miquel C, Lejeune O, Payre B, Moretto P. 2007. In vitro percutaneous absorption and in vivo stratum corneum distribution of an organic and a mineral sunscreen. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 20(1): 10-20. |
| Open scientific literature | Grassian VH, O'Shaughnessy P T, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Pettibone JM, Thorne PS. 2007. Inhalation exposure study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a primary particle size of 2 to 5 nm. Environ Health Perspect 115(3): 397-402. |
| Open scientific literature | Kang SJ, Kim BM, Lee YJ et al. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger p53-mediated damage response in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ Mol Mutagen 2008. |
| Open scientific literature | Long TC, Tajuba J, Sama P et al. Nanosize titanium dioxide stimulates reactive oxygen species in brain microglia and damages neurons in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115 (11):1631-7. |
| Open scientific literature | Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, et al. 2006. Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: a cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci 92(1): 174-85. |
| Open scientific literature | Wang JJ, Sanderson BJ, Wang H. Cyto- and genotoxicity of ultrafine TiO2 particles in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells. Mutat Res 2007; 628 (2):99-106. |
| Open scientific literature | Grassian VH, O |
| Open scientific literature | Ahn MH, Kang CM, et al. 2005. Titanium dioxide particle-induced goblet cell hyperplasia: association with mast cells and IL-13. Respir Res. Apr 13;6:34. |
| Open scientific literature | Brezová V, Gabčová S, Dvoranová D et al. Reactive oxygen species produced upon photoexcitation of sunscreens containing titanium dioxide (an EPR study). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2005; 79 (2):121-34. |
| Open scientific literature | Geiser M, Casaulta M, Kupferschmid B et al. The role of macrophages in the clearance of inhaled ultrafine titanium dioxide particles. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 38 (3):371-6. |
| Open scientific literature | Baun A, Hartmann NB, Grieger K, Kusk KO. 2008. Ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to aquatic invertebrates: a brief review and recommendations for future toxicity testing. Ecotoxicology. 2008 Jul;17(5):387-95. Epub 2008 Apr 19. |
| Open scientific literature | Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and non-food products intended for consumers concerning Titanium Dioxide. Colipa n° S75. Adopted by the SCCNFP during the 14th plenary meeting of 24 October 2000 |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Prioritization Notices. http://www.oehha.org/prop65/CRNR_notices/state_listing/prioritization_notices/index.html. Chemicals on Candidate List for consideration under Proposition 65 due to high carcinogenicity concern (through March 2004). Chemicals under consideration for listing via the authoritative bodies mechanisms (through July 2004). |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| RTECS®- "Cutaneous Toxicity, Proceedings of the 3rd Conference, 1976," Drill, V 1977 | RTECS®- "Cutaneous Toxicity, Proceedings of the 3rd Conference, 1976," Drill, V.A., and P. Lazar, eds., New York, Academic Press, Inc. 1977 -,127,1977 |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1993 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- 21,160,1993 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 414,15,1998 |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2005 | RTECS®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 44,213,2005 |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2005 | RTECS®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 44,294,2005 |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2002 | RTECS®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 66,118,2002 |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2002 | RTECS®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 66,353,2002 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology In Vitro 1987 | RTECS®- Toxicology In Vitro. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987- 1,71,1987 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 2003 | RTECS®- Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977- 142,71,2003 |
| RTECS®- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances 1994 | RTECS®- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St., SW, Washington, DC 20460) History unknown. #86940001000,1994 |
"RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through MDL Information Systems, Inc.
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