SUNSCREENS

EWG SUNSCREEN STUDY
• Sunscreens home
• Top selling sunscreens

INVESTIGATION
• Summary & findings
• Skin safety 101
• Top sunscreen tips
• Who's protecting us?
• About active ingredients
• Misleading claims
• Methodology
• References
• Print the guide

FAQ
• What does "SPF" really mean?
• What about nanoparticles?
• Which sunscreens are best for children?
• Is sunscreen all I need to stay safe?

• News Release
• Related News Coverage

References

AAD. 2002. AAD Sunscreen Monograph Letter, Docket No. 78N-0038. (Lim HW, ed). Washington, DC: American Academy of Dermatology Association.

ACC. 1959. Submission of data by CTFA. Unpublished data on benzophenone, appendix 2e, 192f. Washington, DC: Administrator, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Suite 810, 1110 Vermont Ave. NW Washington, DC 20005.

ACS. 2006. Cancer Facts and Figures: Surveillance Research (American Cancer Society).

Adams LK, Lyon DY, Alvarez PJJ. 2006. Comparative eco-toxicity of nanoscale TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO water suspensions. Water Research Article in Press.

Adams LK, Lyon DY, McIntosh A, Alvarez PJ. 2006. Comparative toxicity of nano-scale TiO2, SiO2 and ZnO water suspensions. Water Sci Technol 54(11-12): 327-34.

AFP. 2007. Saving your skin from Sun Damage. American Family Physicians. wwwaafporg/afp/20060901/815phhtml.

Agar NS, Halliday GM, Barnetson RS, Ananthaswamy HN, Wheeler M, Jones AM. 2004. The basal layer in human squamous tumors harbors more UVA than UVB fingerprint mutations: a role for UVA in human skin carcinogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(14): 4954-9.

Agin PP, Cole CA, Corbett C, Sanzare CM, Marenus K, Tedeschi JP, et al. 2005. Balancing UV-A and UV-B Protection in Sunscreen Products: Proportionality, Quantitative Measurement of Efficacy, and Clear Communication to Consumers. In: Sunscreens: Regulations and Commericial Development (Shaath NA, ed). New York: Taylor and Francis, 807 - 25.

Allen J, Gossett C, Allen S. 1996. Photochemical formation of singlet molecular oxygen-10-2 in aqueous solutions of several sunscreen active ingredients. Photochemistry and Photobiology 63(Spec.): 16S-17S.

Anders A, Altheide HJ, Knalmann M, Tronnier H. 1995. Action spectrum for erythema in humans investigated with dye lasers. Photochem Photobiol 61(2): 200-5.

AP. 2006. Sunscreen makers sued for misleading claims; popular brands exaggerate their effectiveness, nine lawsuits charge. Associated Press April 24, 2006.

Armeni T, et al. 2004. Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA-induced Cytotoxicity in keratinocytes. Toxicology 203: 165-78.

ASC. 2007. Skin Cancer Prevention and Early Detection. American Skin Cancer Society.

Ashby J, Tinwell H, Plautz J, Twomey K, Lefevre PA. 2001. Lack of binding to isolated estrogen or androgen receptors, and inactivity in the immature rat uterotrophic assay, of the ultraviolet sunscreen filters Tinosorb M-active and Tinosorb S. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34(3): 287-91.

Atsunobo M. 1994. Eye irritation of ulta-fine oxide (6% w/w aqueous suspension) in rabbit. Life Science Laboratory October 19.

Autier P, Boniol, M., DorŽ, J.F. 2007. Sunscreen use and increased duration of intentional sun exposure: Still a burning issue. Int J Cancer 121(1): 2755-9.

Bachelor MA, Bowden GT. 2004 UVA-mediated activation of signaling pathways involved in skin tumor promotion and progression. Semin Cancer Biol 14: 131-38.

Baroli B, Ennas MG, Loffredo F, Isola M, Pinna R, Lopez-Quintela MA. 2007. Penetration of Metallic Nanoparticles in Human Full-Thickness Skin. J Invest Dermatol.

Baron E, et al. 2003. High Ultraviolet A Protection Affords Greater Immune Protection Confirming that Ultraviolet A Contributes to Photoimmunosuppression in Humans. J Invest Dermatol 121(4): 869-75.

BCCDC. 2003. Radiation Issue Notes (RIN) #15 Ð Sunscreens and their correct application. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control.

Beck I, Deflandre A, Lang G, Arnaud R, Lemaire J. 1981. Study of the photochemical behavior of sunscreens benzylidene camphor and derivatives. Int J Cosmet Sci 3: 139-52.

Beck I, Deflandre A, Lang G, Arnaud R, Lemaire J. 1985. Study of the photochemical behavior of sunscreens benzylidene camphor and derivatives II. Photosensitized isomerization by aromatic ketones and deactivation of the 8-methoxy psoralin triplet state. J Photochem 30: 215.

Beeby A, Jones AE. 2000. The photophysical properties of menthyl anthranilate: A UV-A sunscreen. Photochemistry and Photobiology 72(1): 10-15.

Beeby A, Jones AE. 2001. Photophysical properties of N-acetyl-menthyl anthranilate. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-Biology 64(2-3): 109-16.

Benech-Kieffer F, Meuling WJ, Leclerc C, Roza L, Leclaire J, Nohynek G. 2003. Percutaneous absorption of Mexoryl SX in human volunteers: comparison with in vitro data. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 16(6): 343-55.

Benech-Kieffer F, Wegrich P, Schwarzenbach R, Klecak G, Weber T, Leclaire J, et al. 2000. Percutaneous absorption of sunscreens in vitro: Interspecies comparison, skin models and reproducibility aspects. Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology 13(6): 324-35.

Berne B, Ros AM. 1998. 7 years experience of photopatch testing with sunscreen allergens in Sweden. Contact Dermatitis 38(2): 61-64.

Berset G, Gonzenbach H, Christ R, Martin R, Deflandre A, Mascotte R, et al. 1996. Proposed protocol for determination of photostability. Part I: Cosmetic UV-

Filters. Int J Cosmet Sci 18: 167-77.

Bestak R, Barnetson RSC, Nearn MR, Halliday GM. 1995. Sunscreen Protection of Contact Hypersensitivity Responses from Chronic Solar-Simulated Ultraviolet-Irradiation Correlates with the Absorption-Spectrum of the Sunscreen. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 105(3): 345-51.

Bigby M. 1999. The sunscreen and melanoma controversy. Arch Dermatol 135: 1526-27.

Blumenthal R. 2006. Attorney General Says Sunscreen Labeling Rules Fail To Prevent False Claims, Urges FDA To Update, Enforce Regulations. Connecticut Attorney General's Office Press Release.

Bockmann J, Lahl, H., Eckert, T., Unterhalt, B. 2000. [Titanium blood levels of dialysis patients compared to healthy volunteers]. Pharmazie 55: 468.

Bonda C, Marinelli P. 2000. The photochemistry of sunscreen photostability. TechnoScienze Agro-Food-Ind Hi-Tech 11(1): 29-31.

Bonda CA. 2005. The Photostability of Organic Sunscreen Actives: A Review. In: Sunscreens: Regulations and Commercial Development, 3rd edition (Shaath NA, ed). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.

Boots. 2004. The revised guidelines to the practical measurement of UVA:UVB ratios according to The Boots Star Rating System. Report: The Boots CO PLC.

Borm PJ, Robbins D, Haubold S, Kuhlbusch T, Fissan H, Donaldson K, et al. 2006. The potential risks of nanomaterials: a review carried out for ECETOC. Part Fibre Toxicol 3: 11.

Brand RM, McMahon L, Jendrzejewski JL, Charron AR. 2007. Transdermal absorption of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is enhanced by both ethanol consumption and sunscreen application. Food Chem Toxicol 45(1): 93-7.

Bryden AM, Moseley H, Ibbotson SH, Chowdhury MM, Beck MH, Bourke J, et al. 2006. Photopatch testing of 1155 patients: results of the U.K. multicentre photopatch study group. Br J Dermatol 155(4): 737-47.

Buckley D, Wayte J, O'Sullivan D, Murphy G. 1995. Duration of response to UVA irradiation after application of a known photoallergen. Contact Dermatitis 33(2): 138-39.

Burren R, Scaletta C, Frenk E, Panizzon R, Applegate L. 1998. Sunlight and Carcinogenesis: Expression of p53 pyramidine dimers in human skin following VA I, II and solar stimulating radiations. Int J Cancer 76: 201-06.

Buser HR, Balmer ME, Schmid P, Kohler M. 2006. Occurrence of UV filters 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and octocrylene in fish from various Swiss rivers with inputs from wastewater treatment plants. Environmental Science & Technology 40(5): 1427-31.

Butt ST, Christensen T. 2000. Toxicity and phototoxicity of chemical sun filters. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 91(1-3): 283-86.

Cantrell A, McGarvey D, Mulroy L, Truscott T. 1999. Laser flash photolysis studies of the UVA sunscreen Mexoryl SX. Photochem Photobiol 70: 292-97.

Carrotte-Lefebvre I, Bonnevalle A, Segard M, Delaporte E, Thomas P. 2003. Contact allergy to octocrylene - First 2 cases. Contact Dermatitis 48(1): 46-47.

Castle M. 2006. Castle Urges FDA to Upgrade Sunscreen Standard to Protect All Americans from Harmful Rays Leading to Skin Cancer. Press Release.

Chatelain E, Gabard B. 2001. Photostabilization of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a new UV broadband filter. Photochemistry and Photobiology 74(3): 401-06.

Chen HW, Su SF, Chien CT, Lin WH, Yu SL, Chou CC, et al. 2006. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce emphysema-like lung injury in mice. Faseb J 20(13): 2393-5.

CIR. 2006. 2006 CIR Compendium. Washington: Cosmetic Ingredient Review.

Cole C. 2001. Sunscreen protection in the ultraviolet A region: how to measure the effectiveness. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 17: 2-10.

Consumer-Union. 2007. Sunscreens: Some are short on protection. Consumer Reports 72(7): 6.

Couteau C, Cullel NP, Connan AE, Coiffard LJM. 2001. Stripping method to quantify absorption of two sunscreens in human. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 222(1): 153-57.

Cross SE, Innes B, Roberts MS, Tsuzuki T, Robertson TA, McCormick P. 2007. Human Skin Penetration of Sunscreen Nanoparticles: In-vitro Assessment of a Novel Micronized Zinc Oxide Formulation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 20(3): 148-54.

CTFA. 1980. Submission of data, unpublished data, appendix 7f. Washington, DC: Administrator, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Suite 810, 1110 Vermont Ave. NW Washington, DC 20005.

CTFA. 2006. Comments of the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA) Regarding the Scientific and Legal Issues Associated With Nanotechnology in Personal Care Products. Comments. Washington, DC.

CTFA/CHPA. 2003. Docket No. 2003N-0233: Notice of eligibility; request for data and information. Letter from Thomas J. Donegan, Jr. of CTFA and Eve E. Bachrach of CHPA to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. . http://wwwchpa-infoorg/Web/newsletter/archive/2003/11_13_03_xnlhtml#4.

CTFA/NDMA. 1996. CTFA/NDMA Taskforce Report on Critical Wavelength Determination for the Evaluation of of the UVA Efficacy of Sunscreen Products: Cosmetics, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association.

D'Ruiz CD. 2000. Re: Citizen Petition: Addition of Two New UV-A Active Ingredients for Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use. (Dockets Management Branch F, ed). Rockville, MD: CIBA.

Dalle Carbonare M, et al. 1992. Skin photosensitizing agents and the role of reactive oxygen species in photoaging. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology B 14: 105-24.

Damian DL, Halliday, G.M., Stc Barnetson, R. 1999. Sun protection factor measurement of sunscreens is dependent on minimal erythema dose. Br J Dermatol 141(3): 502-07.

Damiani E, Baschong W, Greci L. 2007. UV-Filter combinations under UV-A exposure: Concomitant quantification of over-all spectral stability and molecular integrity. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology 87(2): 95-104.

Damiani E, Greci L, Parsons R, Knowland J. 1999. Nitroxide radicals protect DNA from damage when illuminated in vitro in the presence of dibenzoylmethane and a common sunscreen ingredient. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26: 809-16.

Darvay A, White IR, Rycroft RJG, Jones AB, Hawk JL, McFadden JP. 2001. Photoallergic contact dermatitis is uncommon. British Journal of Dermatology 145(4): 597-601.

Deflandre A, Lang G. 1988. Photostability assessment of sunscreens: benzylidene camphor and dibenzoylmethane derivatives. Int J Cosmet Sci 10: 53-62.

Delplace D, Blondeel A. 2006. Octocrylene: really non-allergenic? Contact Dermatitis 54(5): 295-95.

Diffey BL. 1994. A method for broad spectrum classification of sunscreens. Int J Cosmet Sci 16: 47-52.

Diffey BL. 2001. When should sunscreen be reapplied? Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 45(6): 882-5.

Diffey BL. 2002. What is light? Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 18: 68-74.

Diffey BL, Tanner PR, Matts PJ, Nash JF. 2000. In vitro assessment of the broad-spectrum ultraviolet protection of sunscreen products. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 43(6): 1024-35.

Dodd C, Reed J. 2007. Dodd, Reed lead fight against skin cancer: Request higher standards for FDA's sunscreen labeling. Letter from Senators Dodd, Reed, Clinton, Biden, Carper, and Sanders to FDA Commissioner Dr. Andrew von Eschenbach. http://doddsenategov/indexphp?q=node/3906

Dondi D, Albini A, Serpone N. 2006. Interactions between different solar UVB/UVA filters contained in commercial suncreams and consequent loss of UV protection. Photochem Photobiol Sci 5(9): 835-43.

Dufour E, et al. 2006. Clastogenicity, photo-clastogenicity or pseudo-photo-clastogenicity: Genotoxic effects of zinc oxide in the dark, in pre-irradiated or simultaneously irradiated Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutation Research.

Dunford R, Salinaro A, Cai L, Serpone N, Horikoshi S, Hidaka H, et al. 1997. Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalysed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients. FEBS Lett 418(1-2): 87-90.

El Maghraby GM, Campbell, M., Finnin, B.C. 2005. Mechanisms of action of novel skin penetration enhancers: phospholipid versus skin lipid liposomes. Int J Pharm 305(1-2): 90-104.

EPA. 2007. SunWise Program: Health effects of overexposure to the sun. Available: http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvandhealth.html [accessed 2007].

EWG. 2005. Consumer Update FDA admits inability to ensure the safety of personal care products. Available: http://www.cosmeticsdatabase.com/research/fdafails.php [accessed 2007].

EWG. 2005. Consumer Update FDA admits inability to ensure the safety of personal care products Available: http://www.cosmeticsdatabase.com/research/fdafails.php [accessed 2007].

EWG. 2005. Skin Deep. Available: http://www.ewg.org/reports/skindeep [accessed August 8 2006].

EWG. 2006. A Survey of Ingredients in 25,000 Personal Care Products Reveals Widespread Use of Nano-Scale Materials, Not Assessed for Safety, in Everyday Products. Comments to U.S. Food and Drug Administration. . Available: http://ewg.org/issues/cosmetics/20061010/comments.php. [accessed May 31, 2007.

EWG. 2007. Skin Deep. Available: http://www.ewg.org/reports/skindeep [accessed June 7 2007].

FDA. 1996. Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Amendment to the Tentative Final Monograph. Federal Register 61(180): 48645-55.

FDA. 1996. Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Amendment to the Tentative Final Monograph. Federal Register 61(180): 48645-48655.

FDA. 1999. Final Rule for Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use. Federal Register: U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 27666.

FDA. 2000. Food and Drug Administration meeting. Summary: Cosmetics Harmonization and International Cooperation (CHIC).

FDA. 2006. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Application Number 21-502: Medical Review. (Center for Drug Evaluation and Research FDA, ed).

FDA. 2006. Monograph History. Available: www.fda.gov/cder/Offices/OTC/Monograph_history_sunscreen.pdf [accessed May 31, 2007.

FDA. 2006. Prescription Drug User Fee Rates for Fiscal Year 2007. Federal Register 71(148): 43780-43784.

FDA. 2007. Rulemaking History for OTC Sunscreen Drug Products. Accessed June 11, 2007 at http://www.fda.gov/cder/otcmonographs/Sunscreen/new_sunscreen.htm.

Ferguson J. 1995. Fluoroquinolone photosensitization: a review of clinical and laboratory studies. Photochem Photobiol 62: 954-58.

Fisher MS, Menter JM, Willis I. 1989. Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Suppression of Contact Hypersensitivity in Relation to Padimate O and Oxybenzone - Reply. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 93(5): 708-08.

FTC. 1997. Federal Trade Commission complaint against Schering-Plough Healthcare Products, Inc. Docket No C-3741.

Fuchs J. 1998. Potentials and limitations on the natural antioxidants RRR-alpha-tocopherol, L-ascorbic acid and beta-carotene in cutaneous photoprotection. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 25: 848-73.

Gamer AO, Leibold E, van Ravenzwaay B. 2006. The in vitro absorption of microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide through porcine skin. Toxicol In Vitro 20(3): 301-7.

Gaspar LR, Campos P. 2006. Evaluation of the photostability of different UV filter combinations in a sunscreen. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 307(2): 123-28.

Gasparro F. 1997. Sunscreen Photobiology: Molecular, Cellular, and Physiological Aspects. New York: Springer.

Gojova A, Guo B, Kota RS, Rutledge JC, Kennedy IM, Barakat AI. 2007. Induction of inflammation in vascular endothelial cells by metal oxide nanoparticles: effect of particle composition. Environ Health Perspect 115(3): 403-9.

Gomez E, Pillon A, Fenet H, Rosain D, Duchesne MJ, Nicolas JC, et al. 2005. Estrogenic activity of cosmetic components in reporter cell lines: Parabens, UV screens, and musks. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part a-Current Issues 68(4): 239-51.

Gonzalez H, Farbrot A, Larko O, Wennberg AM. 2006. Percutaneous absorption of the sunscreen benzophenone-3 after repeated whole-body applications, with and without ultraviolet irradiation. British Journal of Dermatology 154(2): 337-40.

Gonzalez H, Tarras-Wahlberg, N., Stršmdahl, B., Juzeniene, A., Moan, J., Larkš, O., RosŽn, A., Wennberg, A.M. 2007. Photostability of commercial sunscreens upon sun exposure and irradiation by ultraviolet lamps. BMC Dermatol 7(1).

Gould JN, Mercurio MG, Elmets CA. 1995. Cutaneous photosensitivity diseases induced by exogenous agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 33: 551-73.

Grassian VH, O'Shaughnessy P T, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Pettibone JM, Thorne PS. 2007. Inhalation exposure study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a primary particle size of 2 to 5 nm. Environ Health Perspect 115(3): 397-402.

Green A, Williams G, Neale R, Hart V, Leslie D, Parsons P, et al. 1999. Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 354(9180): 723-9.

Hanson KM, Gratton E, Bardeen CJ. 2006. Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin. Free Radic Biol Med 41(8): 1205-12.

Hayden C, Roberts M, Benson H. 1997. Systemic absorption of sunscreen after topical application. Lancet 350(Sep): 863-64.

Hayden CGJ, Cross SE, Anderson C, Saunders NA, Roberts MS. 2005. Sunscreen penetration of human skin and related keratinocyte toxicity after topical application. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 18(4): 170-74.

Haywood R, Wardman P, Sanders R, Linge C. 2003. Sunscreens inadequately protect against ultraviolet-A-induced free radicals in skin: implications for skin aging and melanoma? J Invest Dermatol 121(4): 862-8.

Hazelton_Labs. 1953. Unpublished data on benzophenone, appendix 2a. Washington, DC: Administrator, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Suite 810, 1110 Vermont Ave. NW Washington, DC 20005.

Heneweer M, Muusse M, van den Berg M, Sanderson JT. 2005. Additive estrogenic effects of mixtures of frequently used UV filters on pS2-gene transcription in MCF-7 cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 208(2): 170-77.

Herrling T, et al. 2002. Electron spin resonance detection of UVA-induced free radicals. Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology 15: 381-83.

Herzog B. 2002. Prediction of sun protection factors by calculation of transmissions with a calibrated step film model. Journal of Cosmetic Science 53(1): 11-26.

Herzog B. 2005. Prediction of Sun Protection Factors and UV-A Parameters. In: Sunscreens: Regulations and Commercial Development (Shaath NA, ed). New York: Taylor and Francis Group, 954.

Herzog B. 2006. Ciba Sunscreen Simulator. Available: http://www.cibasc.com/pccibasunscreensimulator [accessed July 20 2006].

Herzog B, Hueglin D, Osterwalder U. 2005. New Sunscreen Actives. In: Sunscreens: Regulations and Commercial Development, 3rd edition (Shaath NA, ed). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.

Herzog B, Mongiat S, Dehayes C, Neuhaus M, Sommer K, Mantler A. 2002. In vivo and in vitro assessment of UVA protection by sunscreen formulations containing either butyl methoxy dibenzoyl methane, methylene bis-benzotriazoyl tetramethybutylphenol, or microfine ZnO. Int J Cosmet Sci 24: 170-85.

Hidaka H, Kobayashi, H., Koike, T. Sato, T., Serpone, N. 2006. DNA Damage Photoinduced by Cosmetic Pigments and Sunscreen Agents under Solar Exposure and Artifical UV Illumination. J Oleo Sci 55(5): 249-61.

Hochberg M, Enk CD. 1999. Partial protection against epidermal IL-10 transcription and Langerhans cell depletion by sunscreens after exposure of human skin to UVB. Photochemistry and Photobiology 70(5): 766-72.

Holsapple MP, Farland WH, Landry TD, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Carter JM, Walker NJ, et al. 2005. Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, part II: toxicological and safety evaluation of nanomaterials, current challenges and data needs. . Toxicol Sci 88: 12-7.

Hughes TM, Stone NM. 2007. Benzophenone 4: an emerging allergen in cosmetics and toiletries? Contact Dermatitis 56(3): 153-6.

Hund-Rinke K, Simon, M. 2006. Ecotoxic Effect of Photocatalytic Active Nanoparticles (TiO2) on Algae and Daphnids. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 13(4): 225-32.

IBL. 1962. Industrial Biology Labs Submission of data by CTFA, unpublished data, appendix 1l. Washington, DC: Administrator, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Suite 810, 1110 Vermont Ave. NW Washington, DC 20005.

IBL. 1967. Industrial Biology Labs Submission of data by CTFA, unpublished data, Appendix 1h. Washington, DC: Administrator, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Suite 810, 1110 Vermont Ave. NW Washington, DC 20005.

IBL. 1967. Industrial Biology Labs Submission of data by CTFA, unpublished data, appendix 1k. Washington, DC: Administrator, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Suite 810, 1110 Vermont Ave. NW Washington, DC 20005.

ICTA. 2006. Citizen Petition to the United States Food and Drug Administration. The International Center for Technology Assessment.

Inbaraj J, Bilski P, Chignell C. 2002. Photophysical and photochemical studies of 2-phenylbenzimadazole and UVB sunscreen 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid. Photochem Photobiol 75(2): 107-16.

Iwai I, et al. 1999. UVA-induced immune suppression through an oxidative pathway. J Invest Dermatol 112: 19-24.

Jani PU, McCarthy, D.E., Florence, A.T. 1994. Titanium dioxide (rutile) particles uptake from the rat GI tract and translocation to systemic organs after oral administration. J Pharm 105: 157-68.

Janjua NR, Mogensen B, Andersson AM, Petersen JH, Henriksen M, Skakkebaek NE, et al. 2004. Systemic absorption of the sunscreens benzophenone-3, octyl-methoxycinnamate, and 3-(4-methyl-benzylidene) camphor after whole-body topical application and reproductive hormone levels in humans. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 123(1): 57-61.

Jiang R, Roberts MS, Collins DM, Benson HAE. 1999. Absorption of sunscreens across human skin: an evaluation of commercial products for children and adults. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 48(4): 635-37.

Jiang R, Roberts MS, Prankerd RJ. 1997. Percutaneous absorption of sunscreen agents from liquid paraffin: Self-association of octyl salicylate and effects on skin flux. J Pharm Sci 86(7): 791-96.

Kielbassa C, et al. 1997. Wavelength dependence of oxidative DNA damage induced by UV and visible light. Carcinogenesis 18: 811-16.

Kim S, Lim, Y.T., Soltesz, E.G., De Grand, A.M., Lee, J., Nakayama, A., Parker, J.A., Mihaljevic, T., Laurence, R.G. 2004. Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat Biotechnol 22: 93-97.

Klammer H, Schlecht C, Wuttke W, Jarry H. 2005. Multi-organic risk assessment of estrogenic properties of octyl-methoxycinnamate in vivo - A 5-day sub-acute pharmacodynamic study with ovariectomized rats. Toxicology 215(1-2): 90-96.

Klein K, Palefsky I. 2005. Formulating Sunscreen Products. In: Sunscreens: Regulations and Commercial Development, 3rd edition (Shaath NA, ed). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.

Kligman AM. 1976. Submission of data by CTFA, unpublished data on benzophenone, appendices 2d, 2g, 2i. Administrator, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Suite 810, 1110 Vermont Ave NW Washington, DC 20005.

Knowland J, McKenzie EA, McHugh PJ, Cridland NA. 1993. Sunlight-Induced Mutagenicity of a Common Sunscreen Ingredient. Febs Letters 324(3): 309-13.

Kreyling WG, Semmler, M., Erbe, F., Mayer, P., Takenaka, S., Schulz, H. et al 2002. Translocation of ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from lung epithelium to extrapulmonary organs is size dependent but very low. . J Toxicol Environ Health 65: 1515-30.

Krishnan R, Carr A, Blair E, Nordlund T. 2004. Optical spectroscopy of hydrophobic sunscreen molecules absorbed to dielectric nanospheres. Photochemistry and Photobiology 79(6): 531-39.

Kunz PY, Fent K. 2006. Estrogenic activity of UV filter mixtures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 217(1): 86-99.

Kunz PY, Galicia HF, Fent K. 2006. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity of UV filters in fish. Toxicological Sciences 90(2): 349-61.

Kvam E. 1997. Induction of oxidative DNA base damage in human skin cells by UV and near visible radiation. Carcinogenesis 18: 2379-84.

Lademann J, Otberg N, Jacobi U, Hoffman RM, Blume-Peytavi U. 2005. Follicular penetration and targeting: The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc.

Lademann J, Richter H, Schaefer UF, Blume-Peytavi U, Teichmann A, Otberg N, et al. 2006. Hair follicles - a long-term reservoir for drug delivery. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 19(4): 232-6.

Lademann J, Richter H, Teichmann A, Otberg N, Blume-Peytavi U, Luengo J, et al. 2007. Nanoparticles - An efficient carrier for drug delivery into the hair follicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 66(2): 159-64.

Lademann J, Weigmann H, Rickmeyer C, Barthelmes H, Schaefer H, Mueller G, et al. 1999. Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology 12: 247-56.

Le Panse R, Dubertret L, Coulomb B. 2003. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by ultraviolet A radiation in human dermal fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol 78: 168-74.

Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA. 1991. The p53 Tumor Supressor Gene. Nature 351(6326): 453-6.

Lewerenz HJ, Lewerenz G, Plass R. 1972. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of the UB absorber MOB in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol 10(1): 41-50.

Ma RS, Cotton B, Lichtensteiger W, Schlumpf M. 2003. UV filters with antagonistic action at androgen receptors in the MDA-kb2 cell transcriptional-activation assay. Toxicological Sciences 74(1): 43-50.

Maerkel K, Durrer S, Henseler M, Schlumpf M, W. L. 2007. Sexually dimorphic gene regulation in brain as a target for endocrine disrupters: developmental exposure of rats to 4-methylbenzylidene camphor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 218(2): 152-65.

Maerkel K, Durrer, S., Henseler, M., Schlumpf, M., Lichtensteiger, W. 2007. Sexually dimorphic gene regulation in brain as a target for endocrine disrupters: developmental exposure of rats to 4-methylbenzylidene camphor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 218(2): 152-65.

Marguery MC, Rakotondrazafy J, el Sayed F, Bayle-Lebey P, Journe F, J. B. 1996. Contact allergy to 3-(4' methylbenzylidene) camphor and contact and photocontact allergy to 4-isopropyl dibenzoylmethane. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 11(5-6): 209-12.

Marrot L, Belaidi J, Meunier J. 2005. Importance of UVA photoprotection as shown by genotoxic related endpoints: DNA damage and p53 status. Mutation Research 571: 175-84.

McKinlay A, Diffey B. 1987. A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet-induced erythema in human skin. CIE Journal(6): 17-22.

Moan J, Dahlback A, Setlow R. 1999. Epidemiological support for a hypothesis for melanoma induction indiciating a role for UVA radiation. Photochem Photobiol 70: 243-47.

Morgan TM, Reed BL, Finnin BC. 1998. Enhanced skin permeation of sex hormones with novel topical spray vehicles. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 87(10): 1213-18.

Moyal D, et al. 1997. Immunosuppression induced by chronic solar-simulated irradiation in humans and its prevention by sunscreens. Eur J Dermatol 7: 223-5.

Moyal DD, Fourtanier AM. 2001. Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide better protection from the suppression of the elicitation phase of delayed-type hypersensitivity response in humans. J Invest Dermatol\ 117(5): 1186-92.

Nakagawa Y, Suzuki T. 2002. Metabolism of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone in isolated rat hepatocytes and xenoestrogenic effects of its metabolites on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions 139(2): 115-28.

NCI. 2007. Cancer Topics: Skin Cancer. . http://wwwcancergov/cancertopics/types/skin.

NCI. 2007. Cancer Topics: What you need to know about melanoma. . http://wwwcancergov/cancertopics/wyntk/melanoma.

NCI. 2007. National Cancer Institute: General Information about Skin Cancer. Available: www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/skin/melanoma [accessed May 31, 2007.

NCI. 2007. Skin Cancer (PDQ): Prevention. Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute.

Nedorost S. 2005. Ensulizole (phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid) as a cause of facial dermatitis: Two cases. Dermatitis 16(3): 148-48.

Nel A, Xia, T., Madler, L., Li, N. 2006. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 311(5761): 622-7.

NIOSH. 2005. Current Intelligence Bulletin: Evaluation of Health Hazard and Recommendations for Occupational Exposure to Titanium Dioxide. (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health).

NIOSH. 2005. NIOSH CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN: Evaluation of Health Hazard and Recommendations for Occupational Exposure to Titanium Dioxide. .

Nohynek GJ, Lademann J, Ribaud C, Roberts MS. 2007. Grey goo on the skin? Nanotechnology, cosmetic and sunscreen safety. Crit Rev Toxicol 37(3): 251-77.

Nohynek GJ, Schaefer H. 2001. Benefit and risk of organic ultraviolet filters. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 33: 285-99.

NTP. 1990. 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone (CAS No. 131-57-7): Reproductive Toxicity in CD-1 Swiss Mice; Dose 1.25, 2.5 & 5% in Feed: National Toxicology Program.

NTP. 1992. NTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (CAS Number: 131-57-7) Adminstered Topically and in Dosed Feed to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice: National Toxicology Program.

Oberdorster E. 2004. Manufactured nanomaterials (fullerenes, C60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass. . Environ Health Perspect 112: 1058-62.

Oberdorster G. 2000. Toxicology of ultrafine particles: in vivo studies. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 358: 2719-40.

Oberdorster G, Maynard A, Donaldson K, Castranova V, Fitzpatrick J, Ausman K, et al. 2005. Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy. Part Fibre Toxicol 2: 8.

Oberdorster G, Oberdorster E, Oberdorster J. 2005. Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113(7): 823-39.

Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Kreyling W, et al. 2004. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol 16: 437-45.

Odio MR, Azrimeehan S, Robison SH, Kraus AL. 1994. Evaluation of Subchronic (13 Week), Reproductive, and in-Vitro Genetic Toxicity Potential of 2-Ethylhexyl-2-Cyano-3,3-Diphenyl Acrylate (Octocrylene). Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 22(3): 355-68.

Oliveria SA, Saraiya M, Geller AC, Heneghan MK, Jorgensen C. 2006. Sun exposure and risk of melanoma. Archives of disease in childhood 91(2): 131-8.

Olvera-Martinez BI, Cazares-Delgadillo J, Calderilla-Faardo SB, Villalobos-Garcia R, Ganem-Quintanar A, Quintanar-Guerrero D. 2005. Preparation of polymeric nanocapsules containing octyl methoxycinnamate by the emulsification-diffusion technique: Penetration across the stratum corneum. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 94(7): 1552-59.

Oneill JJ. 1984. Effect of Film Irregularities on Sunscreen Efficacy. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 73(7): 888-91.

Paliwal S, Menon GK, Mitragotri S. 2006. Low-frequency sonophoresis: ultrastructural basis for stratum corneum permeability assessed using quantum dots. J Invest Dermatol 126(5): 1095-101.

Pangnakorn P, Nonthabenjawan R, Ekgasit S, Thammacharoen C, Pattanaargson Wanichwecharungruang S. 2007. Monitoring 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate photoisomerization on skin using attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 61(2): 193-8.

Pont AR, Charron AR, Brand RM. 2004. Active ingredients in sunscreens act as topical penetration enhancers for the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 195(3): 348-54.

Popov AP, Priezzhev AV, Lademann J, Myllyla R. 2005. TiO2 nanoparticles as an effective UV-B radiation skin-protective compound in sunscreens. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 38: 2564-70.

Potard G, Laugel C, Baillet A, Schaefer H, Marty JP. 1999. Quantitative HPLC analysis of sunscreens and caffeine during in vitro percutaneous penetration studies. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 189(2): 249-60.

Rachon D, Rimoldi G, Wuttke W. 2006. In vitro effects of benzophenone-2 and octyl-methoxycinnamate on the production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 by murine splenocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 28(3): 501-10.

Reeve VE, Bosnic M, Boehmwilcox C, Ley RD. 1991. Differential Protection by 2 Sunscreens from Uv Radiation-Induced Immunosuppression. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 97(4): 624-28.

Robison SH, Odio MR, Thompson ED, Aardema MJ, Kraus AL. 1994. Assessment of the in-Vivo Genotoxicity of 2-Hydroxy 4-Methoxybenzophenone. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 23(4): 312-17.

Rodriguez E, Valbuena MC, Rey M, Porras de Quintana L. 2006. Causal agents of photoallergic contact dermatitis diagnosed in the national institute of dermatology of Colombia. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 22(4): 189-92.

Roscher N, Lindemann M, Kong S, Cho C, Jiang P. 1994. Photodecomposition of several compounds commonly used as sunscreen agents. J Photochem Photobiol A 80: 417-21.

Rosenstein B, et al. 1999. Mutations in basal cell carcinomas arising in routine users of sunscreens. Photochem Photobiol 70: 798-806.

Rouse JG, Yang J, Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Barron AR, Monteiro-Riviere NA. 2007. Effects of mechanical flexion on the penetration of fullerene amino acid-derivatized peptide nanoparticles through skin. Nano Lett 7(1): 155-60.

Ryman-Rasmussen J, Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere, NA. 2006. Penetration of Intact Skin by Quantum Dots with Diverse Physicochemical Properties. Tox Sci 91(1): 159-61.

Sanchez C, Cuesta J. 2005. Materias Primas de Perfumer’a y de CosmŽtica. Filtros solares. Available: http://www.abacovital.com/fichastecnicas/filtros/filtros.htm [accessed June 20 2006].

Sarveiya V, Risk S, Benson HAE. 2004. Liquid chromatographic assay for common sunscreen agents: application to in vivo assessment of skin penetration and systemic absorption in human volunteers. Journal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 803(2): 225-31.

Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, et al. 2006. Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: a cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci 92(1): 174-85.

Sayre RM, Dowdy JC, Gerwig AJ, Shields WJ, Lloyd RV. 2005. Unexpected photolysis of the sunscreen octinoxate in the presence of the sunscreen avobenzone. Photochemistry and Photobiology 81(2): 452-56.

Scalia S, Molinari A, Casolari A, Maldotti A. 2004. Complexation of the sunscreen agent, phenylbenzimidazole sulphonic acid with cyclodextrins: effect on stability and photo-induced free radical formation. Eur J Pharm Sci 22(4): 241-9.

SCCNFP. 1999. Opinion concerning 2,4-bis{[4-(2-ethyl-hexyoloxy)-2-hydroxy]-phenyl}-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-(1,3,5)triazine. Opinion: European Commission - The Scientfic Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers.

SCCNFP. 2000. Opinion concerning Titanium Dioxide. Opinion: European Commission - The Silent Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers.

SCCNFP. 2004. Opinion concerning Zinc Oxide: European Commission - The Scientfic Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers.

SCCP. 2005. Statement on: Zinc oxide used in sunscreens. Statement SCCP/0932/05: Scientific Committee on Consumer Products, European Commission on Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Directorate C - Public Health and Risk Assessment, C7 - Risk assessment.

SCCP. 2006. Opinion concerning 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor Opinion: European Commission - The Scientfic Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers.

Scharffetter-Kochanek K, et al. 1997. UV-induced reactive oxygen species in photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Biol Chem 378: 1247-57.

Schauer UM, Volkel, W., Heusener, A., Colnot, T., Broschard, T.H., von Landenberg, F., Dekant, W. 2006. Kinetics of 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor in rats and humans after dermal application. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 216(2): 339-46.

Schindo Y, et al. 1994. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 102: 122-24.

Schlossman D, Shao Y. 2005. Inorganic Ultraviolet Filters. In: Sunscreens: Regulations and Commercial Development, 3rd edition (Shaath NA, ed). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.

Schlumpf M, Cotton B, Conscience M, Haller V, Steinmann B, Lichtensteiger W. 2001. In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens. Environmental Health Perspectives 109(3): 239-44.

Schlumpf M, Schmid P, Durrer S, Conscience M, Maerkel K, Henseler M, et al. 2004. Endocrine activity and developmental toxicity of cosmetic UV filters--an update. Toxicology 205(1-2): 113-22.

Schlumpf M, Schmid, P., Durrer, S., Conscience, M., Maerkel, K., Henseler M, Gruetter M, Herzog I, Reolon S, Ceccatelli R, Faass O, Stutz E, Jarry H, Wuttke W, Lichtensteiger W. 2004. Endocrine activity and developmental toxicity of cosmetic UV filters--an update. Toxicology 205(1-2): 113-22.

Schmutzler C, Hamann I, Hofmann PJ, Kovacs G, Stemmler L, Mentrup B, et al. 2004. Endocrine active compounds affect thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in serum as well as endpoints of thyroid hormone action in liver, heart and kidney. Toxicology 205(1-2): 95-102.

Schneider S, Deckardt K, Hellwig J, Kuttler K, Mellert W, Schulte S, et al. 2005. Octyl methoxycinnamate: Two generation reproduction toxicity in Wistar rats by dietary administration. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43(7): 1083-92.

Schreurs R, Lanser P, Seinen W, van der Burg B. 2002. Estrogenic activity of UV filters determined by an in vitro reporter gene assay and an in vivo transgenic zebrafish assay. Archives of Toxicology 76(5-6): 257-61.

Schreurs R, Sonneveld E, Jansen JHJ, Seinen W, van der Burg B. 2005. Interaction of polycyclic musks and UV filters with the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR) in reporter gene bioassays. Toxicological Sciences 83(2): 264-72.

Schwack W, Rudolph T. 1995. Photochemistry of dibenzoyl methane UVA filters part I. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 28: 229-34.

Serpone N, Salinaro A, Emeline AV, Horikoshi S, Hidaka H, Zhao JC. 2002. An in vitro systematic spectroscopic examination of the photostabilities of a random set of commercial sunscreen lotions and their chemical UVB/UVA active agents. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 1(12): 970-81.

Shaath N. 2007. The Encyclopedia of UV Filters. Allured Publishing.

Shaath N, Fares H, Klein K. 1990. Photodegradation of sunscreen chemicals: solvent considerations. Cosmet Toilet 105: 41-44.

Shaath NA. 2005. Sunscreen Evolution. In: Sunscreens: Regulation and Commercial Development, 3rd edition (Shaath NA, ed). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.

Shaw DW. 2006. Allergic contact dermatitis from octisalate and cis-3-hexenyl salicylate. Dermatitis 17(3): 152-5.

Singh M, Beck MH. 2007. Octyl salicylate: a new contact sensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 56(1): 48.

Soeborg T, Basse, L.H., Halling-Sorensen, B. 2007. Risk assessment of topically applied products. Toxicology 236(1-2): 140-48.

Stanfield JW. 2005. In Vitro Techniques in Sunscreen Development. In: Sunscreens: Regulations and Comericial Development (Shaath NA, ed). New York: Taylor and Francis, 807 - 25.

Steinberg DC. 2005. Regulation of Sunscreens Worldwide. In: Sunscreens: Regulations and Commercial Development, 3rd edition (Shaath NA, ed). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.

Stevenson C, Davies RJH. 1999. Photosensitization of guanine-specific DNA damage by 2-phenylbenzimidazole and the sun screen agent 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulonic acid. Chem Res Toxicol 12: 38-45.

Stitt WZD, Scott GA, Martin RE, Gaspari AA. 1996. Multiple chemical sensitivities, including inatrogenic allergic contact dermatitis, in a patient with chronic actinic dermatitis: implication for management. American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 7(3): 166-70.

TGA. 2006. Safety of sunscreens containing nanoparticles of zinc oxide or titanium dioxide.

TGA. 2006. Safety of sunscreens containing nanoparticles of zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration.

Tinkle SS, Antonini JM, Rich BA, Roberts JR, Salmen R, DePree K, et al. 2003. Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environ Health Perspect 111(9): 1202-8.

Turner P, Team GD, Stambulchik E. 2004. xmGrace Modeling Software.

Uchino T, Tokunaga H, Ando M, Utsumi H. 2002. Quantitative determination of OH radical generation and its cytotoxicity induced by TiO(2)-UVA treatment. Toxicol In Vitro 16(5): 629-35.

van der Pols JC, Williams GM, Pandeya N, Logan V, Green AC. 2006. Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15(12): 2546-8.

Vanquerp V, Rodriguez C, Coiffard C, Coiffard L, De Roeck-Holtzhauer Y. 1999. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the comparison of the photostability of five sunscreen agents. J Chromatogr A 832: 273-77.

Vile GF, et al. 1995. UVA radiation-induced oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in vitro and in hman skin fibroblasts is dependent on iron and singlet oxygen. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 18: 721-30.

Wakefield G, Lipscomb S, Holland E, Knowland J. 2004. The effects of manganese doping on UVA absorption and free radical generation of micronised titanium dioxide and its consequences for the photostability of UVA absorbing organic sunscreen components. Photochem Photobiol Sci 3(7): 648-52.

Walsh CT, Sandstead HH, Prasad AS, Newberne PM, Fraker PJ. 1994. Zinc: health effects and research priorities for the 1990s. . Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 2): 5-46.

Wang JJ, Sanderson BJ, Wang H. 2007. Cyto- and genotoxicity of ultrafine TiO2 particles in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells. Mutat Res 628(2): 99-106.

Wenczl E, et al. 1998. (Pheo)melanin photosensitizes UVA-induced DNA damage in cultured human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 111: 678-82.

Westerdahl J, Olsson H, Masback A, Ingvar C, Jonsson N. 1995. Is the use of sunscreen a risk factor for malignant melanoma? Melanoma Research 5(1): 59-65.

Wolff MS, Teitelbaum SL, Windham G, Pinney SM, Britton JA, Chelimo C, et al. 2007. Pilot study of urinary biomarkers of phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols in girls. Environ Health Perspect 115(1): 116-21.

Young A, et al. 1998. Human melanocytes and keratinocytes exposed to UVB or UVA in vivo show comparable levels of thymine dimers. J Invest Dermatol 111: 936-40.

Zhang X, Sun H, Zhang Z, Niu Q, Chen Y, Crittenden JC. 2007. Enhanced bioaccumulation of cadmium in carp in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Chemosphere 67(1): 160-6.

Zhu S, Oberdorster, E., Haasch, M.L. 2006. Toxicity of an engineered nanoparticle (fullerene, C60) in two aquatic species, Daphnia and fathead minnow. . Mar Environ Res 62: S5-9.

Ziolkowska A, Belloni AS, Nussdorfer GG, Nowak M, Malendowicz LK. 2006. Endocrine disruptors and rat adrenocortical function: studies on freshly dispersed and cultured cells. Int J Mol Med 18(6): 1165-8.